Origins of Nationalism and the Industrial Revolution: European Expansion and Imperialism -, Exams of World History

Download Origins of Nationalism and the Industrial Revolution: European Expansion and Imperialism - and more Exams World History in PDF only on Docsity! Chapter 6 What is nationalism? the origins of nationalism; the link between romanticism and nationalism; the link between nationalism and liberalism; NATIONALISM: Belief that people belong to a nation. A common heritage and a common destiny. Language and shared customs. Importance placed on the state. ORIGINS OF NATIONALISM: Origins of nationalism in Europe in the 18th and early 19th century. The French Revolution is the clear origins of nationalism. When the revolutionaries executed the king and abolished the monarchy, they appealed to the support of the people to the state. All members were citizens with a sacred duty to defend. ROMANTICISM AND NATIONALISM: The Romantic movement began in Germany. Romantics were concerned with expression of human emotions, of feelings, instincts and the non-rational part of human nature. They turned away from glorifying human reason and intellect as the Enlightment thinkers did. They saw wisdom in the customs of ordinary people; they studied folk tales. The glorification of the common people made the concept of democracy more palatable to the educated. The emphasis of the Romantic Movement on the emotional, passionate side of human nature found expressive outlet in the passions aroused among nationalists. NATIONALISM AND LIBERALISM: Nationalism was linked to the idea of citizenship. The people of a state were not merely subjects but were members of a community of citizens. Liberalism was based on a concept of limited government that existed for the benefits of its members. Nationalist movements were often linked with attempts to allow more people to participate in government. The Haitian Revolution, the Latin American Wars of Independence and its leaders; the new countries of Latin America HAITIAN REVOLUTION: The first war of independence. It differed from the rest because it was a successful slave rebellion. The West Indies had sugar (very lucrative), so the European powers fought over control of these islands. Santo Domingo (Spanish) and Saint-Domingue (French). 1791 the slaves in Saint-Domingue rebelled; two years later French government abolished slavery. Leader – Toussaint L’Ouverture, an ex-slave. Napolean sent an army and arrested Toussaint. The French got yellow fever, and defeated by Toussaint’s allies. Haiti – Land of the mountains. LATIN AMERICAN WARS: (MESITZO) Hidalgo: Led a revolt rallying the people; national day of Mexico. Jose Maria Morelos: Joined Hidalgo to rebel for independence, abolition of slavery, and social reforms. Hidalgo and Morelos were captured and killed. Iturbide: Declared [Mexico] independence from Spain. Mexico was declared as a republic. SOUTH AMERICA: (CREOLE ELITES) Bolivar: Led a movement for independence in Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador. Victory in Peru with San Martin and O’Higgins. NEW COUNTRIES OF LATIN AMERICA: Haiti, independent republic. Central American Federation; Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, and Paraguay. Congress of Vienna, the impact of nationalism in Europe; Italian and its leaders, German unification, nationalism in North America CONGRESS OF VIENNA: Remake Europe. IMPACT OF NATIONALISM IN EUROPE: FRANCE: Revolutions of 1848 began in France. A new republican government was formed. GERMANY: Most of the smaller states had successful revolts. HUNGARY: Revolted and declared itself an independent republic. ITALY: Led by liberal nationalists created a brief republic in Rome, but the attempt to create a unified democratic Italy failed. HOLLAND/DENMARK: More successful creating democratic parliamentary governments. // The revolutions of 1848 mostly failed, but they did show the strength of the middle class and its desire to participate in government and the power of nationalism. Urban working class was more interested in social reform. Nationalist movements reshaped the map of Europe. ITALY AND ITS LEADERS: Italian nationalism emerged as a strong force.The dream of Italian nationalists was to unify their country. Giuseppe Mazzini (soul of Italian unification – Promote the sense of Italy: Young Italy), Giuseppe Garibaldi (sword of Italian unification- fought for independence: Red Shirts), and Camillo di Cavour (the brains of Italian unification – prime minister). Defeated the Austrians with help from the French. KING OF PIEDMONT-SARDINIA: Unified Italy had been achieved. GERMAN UNIFICATION: OTTO VON BISMARK: Lead Germany to unification. Led Prussia into a war with Austria. Efficient Prussian army quickly defeated Austria. He created a Confederation of Northern German States. Kaiser: emperor. Germany’s economy grew rapidly and it became one of the richest most powerful state in Europe. It was a conservative state with an elected parliament. NATIONALISM IN NORTH AMERICA: Through negotiations and wars with Mexico, acquired vast territories west of the Mississippi. With a rapidly growing population and a booming economy, the US was developing into an important power. With the geographic diversity made it difficult to develop a strong sense of national identity. Some was more industrialized, while others were countryside with large plantation owners. CANADA: remained united in their common desire not to be part of the United States and developed their own sense of nationhood. Chapter 7 Second Industrial Revolution how it differed from the First; the impact of the Industrial Revolution on the society; the new social classes of industrial societies; bourgeois culture, characteristics of the bourgeois family; SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION DIFFERED FROM THE FIRST: US/GERMANY 2nd: Iron, Petroleum, and Automotive. Henry Ford – assembly line of the new automobile. BRITAIN 1st: Oil, Steel, and Textile. IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ON SOCIETY: Electricity was a revolutionary development. Corporations grew so big that they threatened to monopolize the industries, but governments intervened. Breakthroughs in transportation; steamship, railways, better roads, transcontinental railroad. Robert Fulton: operated the first profitable steamship; more cargo and faster. A more developed way to communicate; telegraph (Victorian internet). Expansion of global trade; industries relied on raw materials from around the world. Industrial revolution created a new industrial society. A new industrial class lived under harsh conditions. BOURGEOIS CULTURE: The capitalist class. It was often called the middle class culture. It established the dominant values and norms of the new industrial societies. It emphasized hard work, thrift, and constant self-improvement. Excessive drinking, gambling and especially idling were frowned upon. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BOURGEOIS FAMILY: It was a family oriented culture. There were clearly defined roles for husband and wife. The husband left home and worked while the wife stayed at home primarily concerned with maintaining a clean tidy home and caring for the childhood. On Sundays the whole family would engage in leisurely activities together. Women were discouraged from pursuing a profession or career. Origins of socialism, Utopian socialists, principles of Marxism, revisionism, anarchism, syndicalism; basic ideas in the Communist Manifesto ORIGINS OF SOCIALISM: Karl Marx - most influential socialist thinker. Socialism: workers ruled, private property was abolished. Harsh conditions = replace capitalism with a socialist economy. Social democrats favored taxing the wealthy at much higher rates. They wanted more fairer working conditions and better distribution of wealth. UTOPIAN SOCIALISTS: PRINCIPLES OF MARXISM: Insisted on the importance of people developing a class consciousness. They identify themselves with their socio-economic class and its interests. Believed violence was needed to take place. REVISIONISM: Bernstein: Work for gradual reforms to move the nation toward socialism through the political party system. ANARCHISM: Pierre Proudhon: Founder of anarchism, and believes that all governments are bad. Bakunin: Most influential anarchist, called for the use of dramatic violent acts to bring the political and social order. SYNDICALISM: Sorel: argued that workers had to organize on a large-scale to wrestle political control from the capitalist classes. Their favored weapon was the general strike. They sought an equitable distribution of wealth but not the end of private property (differed from socialists). COMMUNIST MANIFESTO: Liberalism, reform movements, feminism REFORM MOVEMENTS: The most important reform efforts was directed at the abolition of slavery. FEMINISM: One of the important reform movements. Roots were found in the enlightment. Gouges/Wallstonecraft: challenged the traditional assumptions of women’s natural inferiority to men. The movement of women’s equality came primarily from middle class women. Pankurst: formed the Women’s Social and Political Union to promote political equality for women. She Supported the right to vote. Nightingale: British nurse, founding of the modern nursing profession. As professions became open to women, they became feminized; nursing, teaching, and working as office secretaries. Chapter 8 Origins of the New Imperialism, its relation to the Industrial Revolution, justifications for the New Imperialism (not the same thing as the causes); the Scramble for Africa, the European colonies in Africa; ORIGINS OF THE NEW IMPERIALISM: Major reasons for the expansion of Europe were the demands created by the industrial revolution. Never before had empires embraced such a large proportion of the world’s territories and peoples. Expansion took place in 2 forms, expansion of territorial empires and the economic expansion into all parts of the world.