Understanding Transcription, Translation, and Mutations in Biology, Exams of Nursing

Download Understanding Transcription, Translation, and Mutations in Biology and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! 1 NATS 1670 Final Exam Questions and answers 2024 What was the life expectancy in the early 1900's? Correct ans - Under the age of 50, with a 25% child mortality rate. When was the first vaccine created? Correct ans - 1880 ____________ _____________ can reduce life expectancy dramatically, due to the lack of __________________. Correct ans - INFECTIOUS DISEASES can reduce life expectancy dramatically, due to the lack of CONTROL. Upon early discover, microbes were viewed as? Correct ans - Enemies, until used in medicine. What are the beneficial roles of microbes? Correct ans - - waste breakdown/food production - provides protection against more virulent microbe - drug preparation (penicillin, insulin) - making vitamins - digestion What does mutual life mean, when in context with microbes? Correct ans - Microbes keep us alive and we keep them alive. What is a chronic disease? Correct ans - a disease that does NOT kill its host quickly What is an acute disease? Correct ans - A disease that DOES cause death quickly. What does the natural evolution of a microbe operate on? Correct ans - The natural evolution of a microbe operates on its spreading capacity. NOT the ability to cause disease What does microbial natural selection favour? Correct ans - Microbial natural selection favours less or non-violent microbes. Which kind of microbes can live in a host WITHOUT causing damage? Correct ans - Microbes that are well-adapted to its host What epidemics were caused by microbes? Correct ans - - Small Pox - Bubonic Plague - Spanish Influenza 2 What were the three causes that moved society away from Infectious Diseases? Correct ans - - Better Sanitation - Vaccines - Antibiotics Why will society never be clear of infectious diseases? Correct ans - - development of drug resistant strains - outbreaks of existing diseases - New disease causing agents What does Dr. Margret Chan believe will happen in the future? Correct ans - - We risk entering a post-antibiotic era - this will cause an end to modern medicine What is Necrotizing Fasciitis Correct ans - Flesh eating Disease Who is to blame for the development of Drug-resistant strains? Correct ans - - Farmers - Health Workers - Patients - Hospitals What is the man/wild life origin of these dieseases 1) AIDS 2) Saars 3) West Nile Virus (WNV) 4) Influenza 5) Monkey Pox Correct ans - Man Made Wild Life 1) Sexual Activity, Drug addiction, Chimpanzee (SIV) Blood 2) Restaurants, Hotels, Hospitals Bats, Palm civet 3) Tires from Africa Wild Birds 4) Poultry Farms Wild Aquatic Birds 5) Pet Retailers and Stores Wild Rodents in Africa What is Bioterrorism? Correct ans - The intentional release of bacteria or toxins for the purpose of harming or killing Why was the eradication of small pox so successful? Correct ans - - very good vaccine 5 2) Regulates the flow of nutrients and waste 3) contains DNA 4) Several varieties of RNA 5) Proteins make and use most proteins and enzymes 6) Composed of the same basic Chemicals 7) Reproduce 8) require a supply of energy List the cell sizes from smallest to largest Correct ans - viruses bacteria yeast animal cells multi-cellular organisms What are the three different shapes of cells Correct ans - Rod-like -> bacillus Spherical -> coccus Spiral -> spirillum What are the conditions for cellular life Correct ans - - temperature - PH - Water - Salt - Oxygen availability - Nutrient availability What are the three temperatures Correct ans - Psychropiles -> grow best below 20C Mesophiles -> grows best between 20-50C Thermophiles -> grows best above 50C What affect does pH have on cells Correct ans - Acidophilus -> growns well at a pH of 1-2 Neutrophile -> grows well at a neutral pH Alkaliphile -> grows well at a pH as high as 9 What affect does oxygen availability have on cells Correct ans - Aerobic -> Require O2 for growth Anaerobic -> Requires lack of O2 for growth What is an atom Correct ans - smallest chemical unit of matter What is a molecule Correct ans - two or more atoms held together by chemical bond 6 What is DNA Correct ans - the molecule responsible for the transmission of information from one generation to the next in most forms of life on this planet What are the complimentary base pairs Correct ans - A-T C-G What is the structure of DNA Correct ans - two strands running in two different directions held together by complimentary base pairing - creating a double helix Who discovered complimentary base pairs Correct ans - Erwin Chargaff What are the two functional roles of DNA Correct ans - 1) Duplication - molecule must be replicated and transmitted to each cell division 2) Information - molecule contains information expressed in the sequence of the nucleotide What are the stages of DNA replication Correct ans - 1.) DNA polymerase catalyzes the addition of deoxyribonucleotide units to a DNA chain 2.) DNA polymerase is a template-directed enzyme that synthesizes a product with a base sequence complementary to that of the template 3.) DNA polymerizes catalyze the formation of a phosphodiester bond efficiently only if the base on the incoming nucleotide is complementary to the base on the template strand 4.) The new DNA chain is assembled directly on a pre-existing DNA template 5.) The template DNA must be bound to a primer strand having a free 3' 6.)The chain-elongation reaction catalyzed by DNA polymerases from the 5' to the 3' of the elongated DNA What is transcription Correct ans - DNA is transcribed into RNA RNA is translated to form polypeptides DNA itself is used for storage and transmission translation is the process of releasing information contained in a DNA template The sequence of bases in the DNA template is copied into an RNA sequences, which is either used directly or translated into polypeptide What are the three types of RNA Correct ans - mRNA- messenger tRNA- transfer rRNA- ribosomal What is a gene Correct ans - region of DNA molecule containing a sequence of basis that is transferred into a functional product 7 What is the regulatory region Correct ans - sequence of bases that control the inititation of transcribed What is the transcribed region Correct ans - sequence of bases that are read into a functional molecule What is the termination site Correct ans - sequence of nucleotides that stop transcription Which direction is RNA copied Correct ans - 5' to 3' What are the three steps of transcription Correct ans - 1) initiation 2) Elongation 3) Termination What is initiation Correct ans - the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a specific site in DNA with the help of transcription factors What is elongation Correct ans - - after the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the promoter, it catalyzes the prodiction of an RNA molecule - the base sequences of the RNA prodiced is complimentary to the base sequence of the DNA template strand what is termination Correct ans - transcription ends at the termination site - RNA polymerase encounters a trans termination signal that causes RNA to form a unique structure that helps it dissociate from the DNA from the RNA polymerase What are the major classes of proteins Correct ans - - Enzymatic - Regulatory - Structural What is an Enzymatic Protein Correct ans - catalysts in biomedical reaction what is a regulatory protein Correct ans - control og gene expression intercellular signalling what is a structural protain Correct ans - cellular or organismal anatomy what is protein synthesis Correct ans - process of converting information sotred in nucleic acid sequences into protein what is the components of translation Correct ans - mRNA - the template that is used to specify the amino acids sequence Ribosomses 10 What is Immnunology Correct ans - the study of our protection from and response to forgein invading organisms and altered host cells What is an infection vs immunity Correct ans - infection - amount of pathogens Immunity - hosts defence mechanism What happens when the balance breaks between the infection and immunity Correct ans - 1. If the infection goes up, the pathogens increase. This breaks the balance and their is disease 2. If the virulence goes up. Virulence is a when a microorganism can cause a disease. These bacteria/microbes can be mild but also be very aggressive. An example of this would be E. Coli- this bacteria can be damaging (2008- when it entered water and killed people) but also can be mild, Influenza is another example. These bacteria's can be MILD or AGGRESSIVE- because of a mutation of the genes 3. If the immunity is reduced, when the activity of the immunity goes down their is disease. As old cells die, new cells are born. EX: AIDS/HIV, these disease attack the immune system, examples: cancer- as we get old our immune system is comprised therefore our defense mechanisms are not strong. The following subjects underneath reduce our immune systems. What is an Allergic Reaction Correct ans - occurs when the body produces antibodies for a particular unharmful substance` What is Acute inflammation-sepsis Correct ans - occurs when immune system creates inflammatory response in an area of the body experienceing a minor issue - results in the deterioration of tissue What are the three levels of the immune system Correct ans - 1) Anatomical and Physiological Barriers 2) Innate Immunity 3) Adaptive Immunity What is anatomical and physiological barriers Correct ans - the skin, gastrointestinal tract, nasopharynx and eye What is Innate immunity Correct ans - - fast responding - no immunologic memory - limited in terms of specificity What is Adaptive Immunity Correct ans - - slow immune response - leads to a state immunologic memory - high specificity 11 - the B & T cells What are the two parts of the immune system Correct ans - 1) Nonspecific 2) Specific What is Nonspecific Correct ans - - innate - speed: immediate/ hours - no immunologic memory - specificity limited one cell can recognize many pathogens What is Specific Immunity Correct ans - Speed: after a few days leads to a state of immune memory specificity improve during course of response What are three problems that lead to immune system failure Correct ans - 1) HIV/AIDS - compromised immune system leading to the opportunistic infections 2) Organ Transplant - decrease the activity of the immune system by making sure it doesn't attack the transplanted organ 3) Cancer Drugs Treatment - leads to a compromised immune system What is an Antigen (Ag) Correct ans - substances that induce a specific immune response and subsequently react with the products of a specific immune response What is an Antibody (Ab) Correct ans - are protein molecules that are produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen and can bind specifically to that antigen What is the function of an antibody Correct ans - to bind to an antigen/pathogen and to counter its effect What is Agglitunation Correct ans - create complexes of a cell What is precipitation Correct ans - create complexes in the molecule What is complement activation Correct ans - - occurs on antibodies bound to a pathogen - creates holes in the bacteria, therefore kills the bacteria What is opsonisation Correct ans - antibodies bind to pathogen surface molecule and link them to phagocyte cells - macrophages engulfs bacteria, the lysosomes in the macrophages break down the bacteria 12 What is Clonal Selection (expansion) Correct ans - a unique way to support the antibodies we need What is immunological Memory Correct ans - the ability of the immune system to respond more quickly and effectively to pathogens that have been encountered previously What is the primary immune response Correct ans - - via clonal selection - produces effector and memory cells What is the secondary immune response Correct ans - - the same antigen encountered again - initiated from memory cells What is Immunoglobulin (IgE) Correct ans - types of antibodies originally evolved to defend humans and animals, parasites What percentage of people have allergies Correct ans - 5% What are the two stages of a typical allergic reaction Correct ans - 1) sensitization - first exposure to allergen - allergen comes in contact with tissues 2) Reaction - Mast cells release histamine and other chemicals - blood vessels dilate and release plasma What do mast cells and Basophils contain Correct ans - granuels filled with inflammatory chemicals such as histamine What are the treatments for anaphylactic shock Correct ans - - emergency medical care (ASAP) - temporarily countered by an epi-pen What are some ways to reduce allergies in children Correct ans - - Have many kids or at least send the child/children to a day care - Let them play in soil - Live on a farm or at least have a pet dog - Breast-feed for at least 6 months - Don't smoke What are the leading causes of infectious diseases Correct ans - Bacteria Viruses 15 What is the most common STI in the Western world Correct ans - HPV What is the primary cause of cervical cancer Correct ans - HPV What is the most preventable cancer? Why? Correct ans - Cervical - there is a vaccine for HPV can be found with screening What do PAP tests tell us Correct ans - - if the cells in the cervix are normal or abnormal - minor cell changes What does a HPV test look for Correct ans - the virus that causes the cell changes in the cervix How often does a women need to get a PAP test Correct ans - - beginning at 21, every three yers What are the characteristic of the HPV vaccines Correct ans - - High efficacy - Safe - No evidence of efficacy against existing disease or infection - No therapeutic efficacy - Infection with one HPV does not diminish efficacy of vaccine against other vaccine HPV types - Ideally vaccine should be administered before one of sexual activity, but females who are sexually active should still be vaccinated - Recommendations - Routine vaccination of females males 11-12 of age What is influenzas infection rate Correct ans - 10-20% What are the symptoms of influenza Correct ans - - headache - fever - extreme tiredness - aches - runny or stuffy nose - sore throat - coughing - vomiting What is the incubation period of influenza Correct ans - 1-4 days depending on the strength and amount of the virus how is influenza transmitted Correct ans - - person to person 16 - sneezing/ coughing - respiratory droplets - saliva How did 15th century scholars describe the seasonal flu Correct ans - " a disease influenced by the stars" How many segments of RNA consist of Correct ans - 8 What is Hemagglutinin (HA) Correct ans - attachment protein that recognized the cell surface receptors the key to the cell What si Neuramindinase (NA) Correct ans - - Enzyme - it is used to allow the virus to leave the cell What are the two ways we can make antibodies Correct ans - 1) being infected by influenza virus 2) vaccination What are the three types of influenza virus Correct ans - A, B, & C What is Type A Influenza Correct ans - - affects humans and animal - found more in animals - can cause a severe disease - only involved with pandemic viruses What is Type B Influenza Correct ans - - Affects only humans - can cause a disease What is Type C Influenza Correct ans - - is not a serious virus and cannot cause a disease - not severe on us, only affects humans - symptoms are cold like What are the four Influenza Pandemics over the past 100 years Correct ans - - Spanish Flu - Asain Flu - Hong Kong Flu - Swine Flu How can you prevent against influenza beyond the vaccine? Correct ans - - antiviral drugs - avoid close contact with people who are sick 17 - stay at home when you are sick - frequent hand washing - avoid touching eyes, nose, mouth - cover your cough How did humans first contract HIV Correct ans - eating monkey meat How did HIV first spread Correct ans - sexual intercourse, where was HIV first contracted Correct ans - Brazzaville, Congo What are other ways to contract HIV Correct ans - intravenous drug use blood to blood contact blood transfusions hemophilia A sexual intercourse (1 partner with HIV/AIDS) mother to child What was the original name of AIDS Correct ans - Gay related Immune Deficiency (GRID) What was the percentage of patients with AIDS were homosexual men Correct ans - 67% How many particles of HIV per 1mL in body fluids Correct ans - 18,000 -> blood 11,000 -> semen 7,000 -> vaginal fluid 4,000 -> amniotic fluid 1 -> saliva How is HIV NOT transmitted Correct ans - - Casual Contact - coughing sneezing - saliva - sharing a toilet - insect bites How does HIV change to AIDS Correct ans - 1) Flu like symptoms (acute infection) 2) Helper T cells drastically decrease 3) Anti-HIV is increasingly produced 4) Anti-HIV eventually decreases, allowing for virulent matter to spread What is the structure of HIV Correct ans - - Nucleic acid genome - RNA (diploid)