Anatomy of the Human Body: Endocrine and Digestive Systems, Exams of Nursing

Download Anatomy of the Human Body: Endocrine and Digestive Systems and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NBCE Part 1 Anatomy Chiro Essentials (Latest Update 2024) Questions and Correct Answers simple squamous epithelium - Correct Answer: Lining lymphatic and blood vessels, pleura and peritoneum stratified squamous epithelium - Correct Answer: Skin, oral cavity, esophagus, lower half of the anal canal Cuboidal Epithelium - Correct Answer: -Bowman's capsule, convoluted tubules of the kidneys, thyroid follicles simple columnar epithelium - Correct Answer: Lining of gastrointestinal tract stratified columnar epithelium - Correct Answer: Lining of uterine tube pseudostratified columnar epithelium - Correct Answer: Lining of the respiratory tract transitional epithelium - Correct Answer: Lining of ureter, urinary bladder and most of the urethra Endoderm - Correct Answer: Lies on the inside and gives rise to the following: 1. Respiratory tract 2. Gastrointestinal tract 3. Bladder (Except the trigone) Ectoderm - Correct Answer: Lies on the outside and gives rise to the following 1. Epidermis including hair and melanocytes 2. Retina and lens 3. Brain and spinal cord 4. Spinal nerves 5. Pia and arachnoid mater 6. Adrenal medulla 7. Autonomic nervous system Mesoderm - Correct Answer: -Middle germ layer. -Divided into three regions 1. Paraxial 2. Intermediate 3. Lateral paraxial mesoderm - Correct Answer: Bones and muscles of the trunk are derived from this intermediate mesoderm - Correct Answer: forms urogenital system ( kidney, gonads, ducts, etc.) and the reproductive system Lateral mesoderm - Correct Answer: Forms the bones and muscles in the extremities, cardiovascular system, spleen, adrenal cortex, thyroig gland, dura mater, dermis of the skin Suboccipital triangle - Correct Answer: Boundaries: rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior Floor: posterior atlantooccipital membrane and posterior arch of atlas Roof: semispinalis capitis Contents: 3rd part of the vertebral artery, suboccipital nerve, and suboccipital veins All the muscles forming the boundaries are supplied by the dorsal ramus of C1 Anterior cervicle triangle - Correct Answer: Boundaries: Anterior midline, inferior ramus of mandible, and anterior border of sternocleidomastoid, Roof: Skin, superficial fascia and investing layer of deep cervical fascia Subdivisions: Carotid, submandibular, submental, muscular triangles Contents: anus, anal canal Urogenital triangle - Correct Answer: Boundaries: Anterior is is the pubic symphysis, laterally are the inferior pubic rami and a line joining the right and left ischial tuberosities Axilla - Correct Answer: Boundaries: Pectoralis major and minor, subscapularis, teres major and lay dorsi, upper 4 ribs and serratus anterior, and bicipitla groove of the humurus Long bones - Correct Answer: femur, humerus, phalanges Short bones - Correct Answer: carpals and tarsals Flat bones - Correct Answer: bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull Irregular bones - Correct Answer: Vertebrae, maxilla, mandible, hyoid bone Sesamoid bone - Correct Answer: Intratendinous (pisiform patella) Intra-cartilaginous ossification - Correct Answer: all long bones except clavicle Intra-membranous ossification - Correct Answer: Clavicle and flat skull bones Haversian canal - Correct Answer: the canals are connected by Volkmann's canals supplying nutrients and removing waste Concentric lamellae - Correct Answer: -Surrounded by haversian canals -The lamellae are comprised of lacunae which contain osteocytes -The lacunae are interconnected by canaliculi which contain thin cytoplasmic strands Bone matrix - Correct Answer: Calcified intercellular material comprised of osteoblasts and osteoclasts Osteoblasts - Correct Answer: bone forming cells Osteoclasts - Correct Answer: Bone-destroying cells Heart - Correct Answer: Develops in the lateral mesoderm in the cephalic region of the developing fetus at the third week Angioblastic (blood-forming) tissue - Correct Answer: Coalesce to form the right and left endocardial tubes which fuse to form the primitive heart tube sinus venosus - Correct Answer: The proximal end of the heart tube is formed by the . Truncus arteriousus - Correct Answer: The distal end of the heart tube is formed by the . ventricular septal defect - Correct Answer: Most common congenital heart defect atrial septal defect - Correct Answer: Most common is an ostium secundum defect Fallot's tetralogy - Correct Answer: 1) Pulmonary stenosis 2) High ventricular septal defect 3) Overriding of septum by aorta 4) RV hypertrophy Cyanosis - Correct Answer: Due to mixing of arterial blood with deoxygenated blood and occurs in right to left shunts Right heart border - Correct Answer: Made of the right atrium Inferior heart border - Correct Answer: Made of the right ventricle Left heart border - Correct Answer: left ventricle and left auricle of left atrium Right atrium - Correct Answer: -Has two origins: from the sinus venosus and from the true atrium -The rough part is derived from the true atrium -The smooth part is derived fromt he sinus venosus embryologically -They are separated by a ridge called the crista terminalis which is represented on the external surface of the right atrium by the sulcus terminalis -The opening of the Superior Vena Cava and Inverior are location in the superior and inferior aspects Left atrium - Correct Answer: -It has the opening of the four pulmonary veins carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs -Like the right atrium, it had both rough and smooth parts reflecting its dual embryological origins Right ventricle - Correct Answer: -It has several large fleshy trabeculae carneae and papillary muscles -There is a large fleshy piece called the septomarginal branch (moderator branch) which carries a major part of the right bundle branch and prevents overfilling -The infundibulum is a smooth funnel-shaped inlet ot the opening of the pulmonary valves Left ventricle - Correct Answer: -It has a thick muscular wall with trabeculae carneae -The elft ventricle is separated fromt he right ventricle by the interventricular septum Tricuspid valve - Correct Answer: valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle Pulmonary valve - Correct Answer: valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery Mitral valve - Correct Answer: valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve 3. Deep circumflex artery -Continues as the femoral artery beyond the inguinal ligament Femoral artery - Correct Answer: -Has the following branches: Superficial external pudendal, Deep external pudendal Superficial circumflex iliac, deep femoral with its medial and lateral circumflex branches - Can be palpated at the mid-inguinal point which is halfway between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis -THe femoral artery passes through the adductor canal to become the popliteal artery popliteal artery - Correct Answer: Artery that supplies blood to the foot; divides into two separate arteries known as the anterior tibial artery and the posterior tibial artery. Pituitary gland - Correct Answer: The endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. Thyroid gland - Correct Answer: produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth Parathyroid gland - Correct Answer: any one of four endocrine glands situated above or within the thyroid gland PTH - Correct Answer: Secreted by the chief cells in the parathyroid glands Takes calcium out of the bone and places it into the bloodstream Pancreas - Correct Answer: An organs in the abdominal cavity with two roles. The first is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels. Adrenal Gland - Correct Answer: A pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones that help arouse the body in times of stress. Foregut - Correct Answer: -Supplied by the celiac trunk - Gives rise to the: -Esophagus -Stomach -Proximal half of the duodenum -Liver, gallbladder, and pancreas Midgut - Correct Answer: -Supplies by the superior mesenteric artery -Gives rise to the: -Distal half of duodenum -Small intestine -Proximal half of large intestine up to the proximal two thirds of transverse colon Hindgut - Correct Answer: -Supplied by the inferior mesenteric artery -Gives rise to the rest of the large intestine from the distal third of the transverse colon to the proximal half of the anal canal Meckel's diverticulum - Correct Answer: -This is an uncommon congenital anomaly -It occurs in 2% of the population -It is 2 inches in length -It is located 2 feet proximal to the ileocecal junction -It may contain 2 types of ectopic tissue-gastric and pancreatic tissue -It is found 2 time more common in males Epigastric region - Correct Answer: -Stomach, duodenum, and pancreas Right hypochondrium region - Correct Answer: liver, gallbladder Left hypochondrium region - Correct Answer: spleen Umbilical region - Correct Answer: intestine Right and left flanks - Correct Answer: Kidneys Right iliac fossa - Correct Answer: appendix, cecum, right ovary and right uterine tube Left iliac fossa - Correct Answer: sigmoid colon, left ovary, left uterine tube Hypogastric region - Correct Answer: bladder and uterus Peritoneum - Correct Answer: membrane that lines the abdominal cavity Stomach - Correct Answer: -J-shaped sac lined by columnar epithelium and covered by three layers of smooth muscle-outer longitudinal, inner circular, and innermost oblique -2 notches: cardiac and angular -2 curvatures: lesser and greater -2 attached omenta: greater and lesser -Guarded by 2 sphincters: lower esophageal and pyloric -Contains chief and parietal cells -Supplied by the branches of celiac trunk duodenum - Correct Answer: first part of the small intestine Biliary tree - Correct Answer: provides the channels through which bile is transported from the liver to the small intestine Small intestine - Correct Answer: Digestive organ where most chemical digestion and absorption of food takes place involuntary control Endomysium - Correct Answer: Individual muscle fibers are surrounded by delicate connective tissue called the Perimysium - Correct Answer: A bundle of fibers is in turns surrounded by more connective tissue called the Epimysium - Correct Answer: The dense connective tissue surrounds the entire muscle made up of several bundles and fascicles Fusiform ske - Correct Answer: Thick in the middle and tapered at each end; biceps brachhi, gastrocnemius parallel skeletal muscle - Correct Answer: Uniform width with parallel fascicles; rectus abdominis and sartorius Triangular skeletal muscle - Correct Answer: Fan-shaped with a broad origin and narrow insertion: pectoralis major pennate skeletal muscle - Correct Answer: Feather-shaped Unipennate: palmer interossei Bipennate: Rectus femoris and dorsal interossei Multipennate: Deltoid circular skeletal muscle - Correct Answer: Forms rings around certain body openings orbicularis oculi orbicularis oris anal sphincter temporomandibular joint - Correct Answer: Type: Atypical synovial Classification: Compound hinge and gliding joint Bones involved: Condyle of the mandible, mandibular fossa and articular eminence of the temporal bone Range of motion: Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, and side to side Innervation: Auriculotemporal, deep temporal and masseteric branches of CN V3 Shoulder joint - Correct Answer: Type: Synovial Classification: Ball and socket Bones involved: Glenoid fossa, and head of humerus Innervation: Axillary and suprascapular nerves Sternoclavicular joint - Correct Answer: Type: Synovial with an intra-articular dis Classification: Saddle type but behaves as a ball and socket Innervation: Medial branch of the supraclavicular nerves and nerve to subclavius Elbow joint - Correct Answer: Type: Synovial Classification: Hinge Innervation: Radial and musculocutaneous nerves Proximal and distal Radio-ulnar joints - Correct Answer: Type: Synovial Classification: Pivot joint (trochoid) Innervation: median, ulnar and radial nerves Wrist joint - Correct Answer: Type: Synovial Classification: Condyloid joint (ellipsoid) Innervation: Radial, median, and ulnar nerves 1st carpometacarpal joint - Correct Answer: Type: Synovial Classification: Saddle (sellar) Innervation: Radial and median nerves metacarpophalangeal joint - Correct Answer: Type: Synovial Classification: Condyloid joint (ellipsoid) Innervation: Median ulnar and radial nerves Interphalangeal joints - Correct Answer: Type: Synovial Classification: Hinge Innervation: Median, ulnar and radial nerves Hip joint - Correct Answer: Type: Synovial Classification: ball and socket Innervation: Femoral, obturator and nerve to quadratus femoris Round ligament of hip - Correct Answer: Intra-articular ligament From the head of the femur from the transverse acetabular ligament and the rim of the nearby acetabular notch to the fovea centralis of the femur Contains the central foveolar artery in children Iliofemoral ligament - Correct Answer: Extra articular ligament From the anterior inferior iliac spine to the root of the femoral neck Prevents hyperextension Pubofemoral ligament - Correct Answer: Extra-articular ligament From the superior pubic ramus to lower part of the capsule Prevents hyperabduction Ischiofemoral ligament - Correct Answer: Extra-articular ligament From the ischium to the posterior part of the capsule Prevents hyperextension Male Genitalia-testis - Correct Answer: Lies in the scrotum so that is at a temperature less then rest of body Suspended by the spermatic cord in the lower part of the scrotum Enclosed in a thick fibrous capsule called the tunica albuginea Spermatic cord - Correct Answer: Lies in the inguinal canal and is made up of 3 coverings, 3 arteries, 3 nerves, and 3 other structures 3 coverings: External spermatic fascia, cremasteric muscle and fascia and internal spermatic fascia 3 arteries: Testicular, artery to ductus deferens and cremasteric artery 3 nerves: Testicular nerves, genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve and ilioinguinal nerve 3 other structures: Ductus deferens, pampiniform plexus of veins and testicular lymphatics Penis - Correct Answer: 4-6 inches long distensible organ which has two dorsally-located blod-filled corora cavernosa and a single inferiorly-located corpus spongiosum The corpora are enclosed within a fibrous shes known as Buck's fascia The penile urethra is contained with the corpus spongiosum Mon pubis - Correct Answer: The hair-bearing fat pad covering the symphysis pubis Labia majora - Correct Answer: Are two longitudinal folds of skin extending posteriorly from the mons pubis Outer aspect of this fold is pigmented and hairy Inner aspect is pink and hairless Labia minor - Correct Answer: Are two smaller folds between the labia majora Lateral parts are fused above the clitoris forming the prepuce Medial parts are fused below the clitoris forming the frenulum Clitoris - Correct Answer: Consists of erectile tissue and is the female homologue of the penis in the male It is made up of two crura and a glan Vestibule - Correct Answer: Space found between the labia minora with the urethral and vaginal orifices Greater vestibular gland - Correct Answer: Located in the vestibule at the base of the labia minora Vagina - Correct Answer: Develops mainly from the urogenital sinus Highly distensible fibromuscular canal which extends from the vestibule to the cervix Lower part of the cervix protrudes into the upper part of the vagina forming the anterior, posterior, and lateral fornices The urethra lies anterior and the rectum lies posterior to the vagina Uterus - Correct Answer: Pear-shaped fibromuscular organ witha fundus, body and cervix The cervix lies partly in the upper vagina Attached to the ovary by the ligament of the ovary, to the labia majora by the round ligament of the uterus Broad ligament - Correct Answer: This is a double layer of peritoneum It covers the uterus and the uterine tubes like a sheet