NBDHE Study GUIDE\NBDHE Study GUIDE, Exams of Dentistry

Download NBDHE Study GUIDE\NBDHE Study GUIDE and more Exams Dentistry in PDF only on Docsity! NBDHE Study GUIDE D.H. Code of Ethics - ✔ To achieve high levels of ethical consciousness, decision making, and practice by members of a profession Core Values - ✔ Veracity, Autonomy, Beneficence, Justinc, Nonmaleficence, Confidentiality, Societal Trust Veracity - ✔ telling the truth Autonomy - ✔ Deals with the patient. Patients have the right to informed consent. (SELF DETERMINATION) Beneficence - ✔ Includes promoting the w2ell-being of individuals and the public (DO GOOD) Justince - ✔ provides everyone access to high-quality, affordable Oral healthcare; demonstrating impartiality (FAIRNESS) Nonmaleficence - ✔ Deals with the practitioner. Providing services that protect all patients from harm. (DO NO HARM) Confidentiality - ✔ patient information and relationships Societal Trust - ✔ Value patient trust. based on our actions and behaviors Civil Offense - ✔ lawsuits where most dental cases involved. The wrongful offense against a person where satisfaction is sought ($). Types of Civil law Contracts - ✔ Implied, Express, Between Practitioner and the Patient Implied contract - ✔ an agreement made through inference by signs, inaction or silence Express contract - ✔ oral or written agreement Contract between practitioner and patient - ✔ Termination & Abandonment Terminating patients - ✔ non-compliance and failure to pay (PRACTITIONER) Abandonment - ✔ dismissal of patient without ample and proper notice (PATIENT) Civil Law Torts - ✔ Intentional torts & unintentional torts Intentional torts - ✔ Assault, Battery, Deceit and misrepresentation, Defamation, Invasion of property Assault - ✔ Threatening bodily harm Battery - ✔ Causing bodily harm. performing procedure without permission falls into this category Defamation - ✔ damaging a person's reputation. includes libel & slander Libel - ✔ written defamation (L=Library) Slander - ✔ Verbal defamation (S=Spoken) Invasion of property - ✔ Patient's body is the property Unintentional torts - ✔ Negligence, Standard of Care and Duty Negligence - ✔ failure to do what a reasonable person would do. ie) inst. breaks and you don't tell the patient O.S.H.A. - ✔ Occupational Safety and Health Administration OSHA - ✔ Responsible for developing universal/standard precaution protocols for employees to prevent them from contracting disease through blood and/or other body fluids. Protects the employee (worker) H.I.P.A.A. - ✔ Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act HIPAA - ✔ maintains patient confidentialilty. should be signed once unless changes are made or the govt. makes changes to HIPAA policy. Office gives copy of HIPAA to pt. every 3 years C.D.C. - ✔ Center for disease control CDC - ✔ located in Atlanta, Ga. provides guidelines for disease prevention and disease transmission C.O.B.R.A. - ✔ Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act COBRA - ✔ keep group health insurance for 18 mo. applies if person has reduced work hours, quits, or loses job. provides coverage for spouse & dependent children. Glutaraldehydes - ✔ type of disinfectant, should not be used as a surface disinfectant because of toxic effects of fumes; also corrosive. Levels of surface disinfectants - ✔ High, Intermediate, Low High - ✔ level of surface disinfectant that is used in surgical areas Intermediate - ✔ level of surface disinfectant used in dental offices; must kill TB organism Low - ✔ level of surface disinfectant generally used at home; not acceptable for use in a dental office (simple phenols) Sterilization - ✔ Kills ALL pathogenic microbes, including spores; methods include chemical, dry heat, and steam Chemical - ✔ Method of sterilization recommended minimum temp 273F for 20 minutes with a pressure of kPa/25psi. Ventilation necessary. may damage rubber and plastic items. Spore test=Geobacillus stearothermophilus Dry Heat - ✔ Method of sterilization 340F for 1 hour or 320F for 2 hours. Recommended for metal instruments, avoid paper products, may damage rubber and plastic items. not recommended for handpieces. Spore test= bacillus atrophaeus Steam - ✔ method of sterilization recommended minimum sterilzation parameters 250F with 15 or 20 lbs per square inch psi for 30 min. corrodes non-stainless steel instruments. dulls instruments and burs. ok for some plastics; cotton rolls/gauze (cloth goods). paper packages come out wet & tear. Spore test= geobacillus stearothermophilus. External color indicators - ✔ indicate instruments have been heat processed. Sterility is NOT guaranteed. biological indicators - ✔ determine if the sterilization cycle is reaching proper temp, time, and pressure to kill all microorganisms. should be conducted weekly Spore test=Geobacillus stearothermophilus - ✔ used in Chemical and Steam spore testing Spore test=Bacillus atrophaeus - ✔ used in Dry Heat spore testing chief complaint - ✔ always address this first GV Black Class I - ✔ Pits and fissures on lingual surfaces of anterior and on occlusal, buccal, and lingual surfaces of posterior teeth. GV Black Class II - ✔ Proximal surface of posterior teeth; commonly involves occlusal surfaces GV Black Class III - ✔ Proximal surfaces of anterior teeth; does not involve the incisal edge GV Black Class V - ✔ Cercial (gingival) 1/3 of the facial or lingual surfaces of any tooth. (Root caries) GV Black Class VI - ✔ Incisal edge of anterior and /or cusp tips of posterior teeth Angle's classification Class I - ✔ MB cusp of Max 1st molar is in the Buccal groove of the Mand 1st molar; Max canine occludes with the distal half of the mandibular canine and mesial half of the mandibular first premolar Angle's classification Class II - ✔ buccal groove of the mand 1st molar is distal to the MB cusp of the Max 1st molar by at least the width of a premolar; distal portion of the max canine is mesial tothe mesial portion of the mandibular canine by at least the width of a premolar Angle's classification Class II Div I - ✔ retruded mandible with one or more maxillary anterior teeth protruded facially Angle's classification Class II Div II - ✔ retruded mandible with one or more maxillary anterior teeth inclined lingually Angle's classification Class III - ✔ Buccal groove of the mand 1st molar is mesial to the mesiobuccal cusp of the max 1st molar by at least the width of a premolar; mesial portion of the max canine is distal to the distal surface of the mand canine by the width of a premolar Overbite - ✔ vertical overlap of the maxillary incisors to the mand icisors Overjet - ✔ horizontal distance between the linguals of the maxillary anterior incisor and facials of the mandibular anterior incisors Openbite - ✔ teeth not in occlusion between the maxillary and mandibular teeth or arches corssbite - ✔ maxillary teeth are positioned lingual to or totally facial to mandibular teeth midline shift (deviation) - ✔ midline of maxillary central incisors does NOT align with the midline of mandibular central incisors. Edge-to-edge - ✔ incisal edge to incisal edge of the max anterior to mand anterior teeth respectively end-to-end - ✔ cusp-to-cusp relationship of posteror teeth calculus - ✔ mineralized plaque; provides an irritant for the gingiva supragingival - ✔ type of calculus where nutritent source is saliva subgingival - ✔ type of calculus where nutrient source is crevicular fluid and inflammatory exudate 11/12 - ✔ calculus-detecting explorer for all teeth pigtail - ✔ calculus-detecting explorer for posterior teeth orban-type - ✔ calculus-detecting explorer for anteriors and cervical 1/3s of posteriors Extrinsic - ✔ type of removable stain caused by certain bacteria or other sources such as food, beverages and tobacco. Black Line - ✔ type of extrinsic stain. gram positive bacteria; typicallyl located on cervical 1/3 of facials and linguals Brown - ✔ type of extrinsic stain associated with poor oral hygiene and /or drinking dark-colored beverages like tea, coffee, fruit, juices and red wine. Dark brown and black - ✔ type of extrinsic stain associated with tobacco product use Orange - ✔ type of extrinsic stain associated with chromogenic bacteria in plaque. associated with poor oral hygiene; typically located on anterior teeth Yellow brown and brown - ✔ can be associated with chlorhexidine use or stannous fluoride stannous fluoride - ✔ stain results from the reaction of the tin ion in the fluoride Green - ✔ type of extrinsic stain associated with poor oral hygiene, chromogenic bacteria, fungi, and gingival hemorrage Intrinsic stain - ✔ stain that is not removable; possible causes include pulpal necrosis, internal resorption excessive systemic fluoride and or tetracycline use during tooth development Furcation Class I - ✔ Early evidence of bone loss; instrument can enter the depression leading to the furcation corrosion - ✔ polishing amalgam can reduce the rate of this because of less surface area. tin oxide - ✔ final polishing agent used in the mouth for amalgam restorations. odontoblasts - ✔ can be damaged by the heat when not using a light touch or water during polishing. overhangs - ✔ can be avoided by properly placing bands and wedges and detecting with explorer BIS-GMA - ✔ bisphenol a-glycidyl methacrylate dental resins - ✔ establishes mechanical retention with enamel and dentin by adapting to relief areas created by conditioning with phosphoric acid. phosphoric acid - ✔ used in conditioning areas prior to dental resins. increases enamel and dentin surface area. polymerization - ✔ typically activated by fiber-optic light Temporal Bone - ✔ the mastoid process, the styloid process, the articular fossa and eminence, the stylomastoid foramen (VII), the petrous portion petrous portion - ✔ houses hearing components Hyoid bone - ✔ nonarticulated horseshoe shaped bone in the midline, inferior to the mandible Sphenoid bone - ✔ greater & lesser wings, medial and lateral pterygoid plates, hamulus Superior Orbital Fissure - ✔ foramina in which the trigeminal nerve (V1), first division (opthalmic) passes. Foramen Rotundum - ✔ foramina in which the trigeminal nerve (V2), second division (maxillary) passes. Foramen Ovale - ✔ foramina in which the trigeminal nerve (V3), third division (mandibular) passes. olfactory nerve - ✔ cranial nerve #1 optic nerve - ✔ cranial nerve #2 oculomotor - ✔ cranial nerve #3 Trochlear - ✔ cranial nerve #4 Trigeminal - ✔ cranial nerve #5 Abducens - ✔ cranial nerve #6 Facial - ✔ cranial nerve #7 Vestibulocochlear - ✔ cranial nerve #8 Glossopharyngeal - ✔ cranial nerve #9 Vagus - ✔ cranial nerve #10 Accessory - ✔ cranial nerve #11 Hypoglossopharyngeal - ✔ cranial nerve #12 Motor nerves of the eye - ✔ Oculomotor, Trochlear, Abducens facial nerve - ✔ muscles of facial expression facial nerve - ✔ cranial nerve that controls the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands glossopharyngeal nerve - ✔ cranial nerve that controls the parotid glands muscles nerves of the tongue - ✔ hypoglossal, facial, glosspharyngeal sensory - ✔ olfactory function sensory - ✔ optic function motor - ✔ oculomotor function motor - ✔ trochlear function both - ✔ trigeminal function motor - ✔ Abducens function both - ✔ facial function sensory - ✔ vestibulocochlear function both - ✔ glossopharayngeal function both - ✔ vagus function motor - ✔ accessory function motor - ✔ hypoglossal function Mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve - ✔ division and cranial nerve that includes the muscles of mastications and lower teeth. nasopalatine nerve - ✔ passes through the incisive foramen under the incisive papilla buccal gingiva - ✔ in the maxilla, the nerve that innervates the pulp also innervates the _____. inferior alveolar nerve - ✔ innervates the mandibular molar/premolar/ cuspid/incisor pulps buccal nerve - ✔ innervates the buccal gingiva of the molar and premolar region of the mandible lingual nerve - ✔ innervates the lingual gingiva of the mandible posterior superior alveolar nerve - ✔ innervates the maxillary pulp and buccal gingiva of the 1st, 2nd & 3rd molars greater palatine nerve - ✔ innervates the palatal gingiva of the molars and premolars. middle superior alveolar nerve - ✔ innervates the pulp of the maxillary 1st molar, premolars, and the buccal gingiva of the premolars anterior superior alveolar nerve - ✔ innervates the pulp and facial gingiva of the maxillary cuspids and incisors nasopalatine nerve - ✔ innervates the palatal gingiva of the maxillary cuspids and incisors muscles of mastication - ✔ innervated by the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve and blood supplied by the maxillary artery (branch of the external carotid artery) muscles of mastication - ✔ temporalis, masseter, medial pterygoid, lateral pterygoid temporalis - ✔ Originates in the temporal fossa, Inserts at the cornoid process, and functions to retract and elevate the mandible Apical fibers - ✔ Principal fiber bundle group that extend from apical aspect of cementum to base of tooth socket. Resists extrusive forces Intraradicular fibers - ✔ Principal fiber bundle group found only in multi rooted teeth extending from cementum to bone in areas of furcation Fibroblasts - ✔ Most common cell of the PDL, important in collagen synthesis, and fiber production, "primary cell of the PDL Cells that remodel bone - ✔ Osteoblasts and osteoclasts, cementoblasts Periodontology - ✔ The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of the inflammatory and systemic disease processes affecting the periodontium. plaque-induced - ✔ gingival disease classification associated with plaque only. Modified by systemic factors, medications and nutrition Non-plaque induced - ✔ gingival disease classification associated with viral, fungal or genetic origin. Gingival manifestations of systemic conditions, Trumatic lesions, foreign body reactions Causes of gingival inflammation - ✔ Open contacts, sub gingival margins of restorations Periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic diseases - ✔ Associated with hematological disorders such as acquired neutropenia, & leukemia Cementum - ✔ All PDL fibers attach to the tooth's _____. Osteoblast - ✔ Cell the produces bone Osteoclast - ✔ Cell that resorbs bone (break down) Cementoblasts - ✔ Cells that produce cementum Cementoclasts - ✔ Cells that resorbs (breaks down) bone Healthy gingiva - ✔ Firm, light pink (coral pink)' fills interproximal spaces, knife edged, gingival margin on enamel, 1-3 mm gingival sulcus describes ______. Unhealthy gingiva - ✔ Spongy, swollen, red, bop, bulbous, festooned, recession, hyper plastic, deep pockets or probing depths. gingivitis - ✔ reversible inflammation of the gingiva directly related to the accumulation of plaque. most common is "chronic plaque-associated" gingivitis - ✔ results from ulceration at the base of the sulcus acute gingivitis - ✔ reversible inflammation of the gingiva, develops rapidly, obvious inflammation, may be painful, neutrophil is the most prevalent cell chronic gingivitis - ✔ reversible inflammation of the gingiva, develops slowly, may appear normal, not usually painful edematous gingiva - ✔ glossy appearance due to increased fluid. the result of vasodilation of the peripheral circulation fibrotic gingiva - ✔ increase in cellular and fibrous components, may present with pallor clefted gingiva - ✔ indicated by vertical loss of tissue, caused by improper flossing (stillman's) festooned gingiva - ✔ inner tube-like swelling at gingival margin, due to inflammation and an increased cell number recession - ✔ caused by age, plaque, iatrogenic, tooth malposition, occlusion, frenum pull, trauma, inadequate attachment, improper flossing technique gingival hyperplasia - ✔ these drugs can cause this: phenytoin (dilantin) 50%, nifedipine (procardia), cyclosporin 30% gingival hyperplasia - ✔ mouthbreathing, periodontal inflammation, genetic hereditary factors, systemic conditions, including leukemia and hormonal imbalance are all non- drug causes of this condition. dehiscence - ✔ loss of alveolar bone, usually on the facial aspect of the tooth root. ovalshaped root exposure apical to the CEJ. includes gingival recession, alveolar bone loss and root exposure fenestration - ✔ a window-like opening in the bone covering the root of a tooth bordered by alveolar bone on the coronal aspect of the tooth. dental plaque - ✔ accumulation of microbes on the surface of the teeth. not readily removed by rinsing. the major etiological factor in the initiation and progression of inflammatory periodontal disease. dental plaque - ✔ a "biofilm" - bacteria forming on tooth surfaces acquired pellicle - ✔ first step in plaque formation: formed by glycoproteins from saliva adsorbed onto to the tooth surface calculus - ✔ this forms from the mineralized plaque biofilm cocci - ✔ round/spherical-shaped bacteria found in early plaque formation bacilli - ✔ rod-shaped bacteria, most common type found in periodontal disease spirochetes - ✔ spiral-shaped bacteria, often associated with NUG/NUP aerobic - ✔ requires oxygen to grow. not found in periodontal pockets anaerobic - ✔ grow in the absence of oxygen. found in the periodontal pockets and gingival sulcus facultative anaerobic - ✔ can grow in the presence or absence of oxygen disease progression - ✔ non-motile to motile gram + to gram - aerobic to anaerobic cocci to bacilli gram + cocci - ✔ stretococcus: s. mitis, s. oralis, s. sanguis, and s. mutans. early, healthy plaque are able to attach to the acquired pellicle gram + rod - ✔ actinmoyces: a. viscous is an example of this. early colonizer in plaque formation p. gingivalis - ✔ bacterial species associated with disease. most common/most important periodontal pathogen. anaerobic, gram (-) rod-shaped bacteria. f. nucleatum - ✔ bacterial species associated with disease. plays a critical role in biofilm formation c. rectus - ✔ bacterial species associated with disease. associated with periodontal disease and inflammation during pregnancy p. intermedia - ✔ bacterial species associated with disease. MOST often associated with inflammation during pregnancy. a. actinomycetemcomitans - ✔ bacterial species associated with aggressive periodontal disease. NUG/NUP bacteria - ✔ t. denticola (spirochete), p. intermedia (pregnancy), p.gingivalis (most common/important in perio), & Fusobacterium are associated with these conditions. recurrent herpes - ✔ most common is on vermillion border of the lips. may be brought on by sun, stress, fever, menstruation or unknown. apthous ulcers - ✔ painful yellow/white ulcers surrounded by an erythematous halo. cause unknown. predisposing factors are HIV, nutritional deficiencies, smoking cessation, reaction to SLS. Treated with topical steroids, anti-inflammatory meds, healing within 1-3 weeks. Herpes - ✔ occurs on keratinized mucosa, vesicles first -> ulcers, recurent, Tx = antiviral drugs (acyclovir/zovirax) apthous ulcers - ✔ occurs on nonkeratinized mucosa, no vesicles, reccurent, tx= topical steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs netropenia - ✔ deficiency of neutrophils down syndrome - ✔ high incidence of periodontitis associated with genetic disorder but has no increased risk for caries. papillon-laFevre - ✔ high incidence of periodontitis associated with genetic disorder. experiences sever periodontal destruction, premature tooth loss, and hyperkeratosis of the palms of hands and soles of feet. Cheediak-higashi syndrom - ✔ high incidence of periodontits associated with genetic disorder. inherited disease of the immune and nervous systems . impairment of neutrophils. aggressive periodontits associated with this condition. tetracycline - ✔ drug of choice for necrtotizing periodontal diseases because it concentrates in gingival crevicular fluid periodontal abscess - ✔ results when infection spreads deep into pocket, and drainage is blockd. may develop after periodontal debridement pericoronal abscess - ✔ develops in inflamed dental follicular tissue, overlying the crown of a partially-erupted tooth. *does not show on radiographs periapical abscess - ✔ results from infection of the tooth pulp. usually secondary to deep dental caries. diagnoses often requires a periapical radiograph reversible pulpitis - ✔ related to hyperemia of the pulp. mild inflammation from deep restoration. episodic temperature - related pain improves with the deposition of reparative dentin after the restoration is placed. stage I periodontal lesion - ✔ histopathological initial lesion (2-4 days) - no clinical changes. vasodilation of small capillaries, more neutrophils & increased flow of gingival fluid stage II periodontal lesion - ✔ histopathological early lesion (4-7 days) - gingivitis may appear. WBC infiltration into CT. Rete pegs develop in sulcular lining. PMNs found in sulcus. stage III periodontal lesion - ✔ histopathological established lesion (2-3 weeks) - capillary proliferation causes erythema. gingival enlargement may increase probing depths and plasma cells become prominent stage IV periodontal lesion - ✔ histopathological advanced lesion (3 weeks+ to years) - transition from gingivitis to periodontitis. Irreversible. JE detaches from rooth surface and migrates apically. bone loss occurs. hemodynamic changes - ✔ transient vasoconstriction occurs first and then vasodilation. hyperemia - ✔ an excess of blood in the vessels in the tissue margination - ✔ the movement of WBCs to the periphery of vessel walls pavementing - ✔ WBCs line the wall of the vessel diapidesis - ✔ process by which neutrophils squeeze between endothelial cells in the vessel wall emigration - ✔ cells move into the tissues from the blood vessel chemotaxis - ✔ the movement of cells to the site of inflammation neutrophils - ✔ white blood cells significant to development and progression of disease. most prevalent cell in acute inflammation. Most active cell in the periodontal pocket. Main function is phagocytosis. smoking - ✔ this action increases risk for developing periodontal disease, due to vasoconstriction. people who do this are not at an increased risk of developing caries but have deeper pockets and more bone loss. may develop "black hairy tongue" cancer - ✔ _____ patients may present with xerostomia, mucositis, dysgeusia, and increased risk of fungal and viral infections. HIV - ✔ _____ patients may present with linear gingival erythema, NUP, apthous ulcers, karposi's sarcoma Linear gingival erythema - ✔ band of redness of the marginal gingiva kaposi's sarcoma - ✔ malignancy of vessels, presents as a blue/purple macule objectives of periodontal therapy - ✔ 1. identify the disease 2. control inflammation 3. deal with defects resulting from the disease goals of periodontal surgery - ✔ 1. allow easier cleaning for the patient 2. replace lost tissue 3. gain new attachment gingivectomy - ✔ most common surgical procedure to reduce pocket depths. removes soft tissue only. treatment for gingival hyperplasia and pseudopockets. osteoplasty - ✔ osseous surgery where bone is recontoured osteoectomy - ✔ osseous surgery where bone is removed sutures - ✔ used for tissue apposition, decreases the distance cells need to migrate in the wound-healing process. may be bioabsorbable or non-absorbable. periodontal dressing - ✔ used for comfort, protection, and to maintain tissue contour. eugenol can irritate tissues. white patches can occur after it is removed. rarely used. Guided tissue regeneration - ✔ regenerative procedure that uses barrier membrane to block migration of epithelial cells that get in the way of CT repair. used to treat infrabony defects. granulation tissue - ✔ an immature tissue with many capillaries and fibroblasts. the initial tissue formed in the CT after injury. blood clot - ✔ First stage of fibrous repair. composed of fibrin, fibronectin and platelets serving as a scaffolding for PMNs and macrophages. wound cleansing - ✔ second stage of fibrous repair. magrophages ingest debris and degrade the clot.new capillaries and fibroblasts move in as debris is removed tissue rebuilding - ✔ third stage of fibrous repair. fibroblasts synthesize/deposit fibronectin, collagen and proteoglycans. granulation tissue is formed and is highly cellular and vascular. wound remodeling - ✔ fourth stage of fibrous repair. granulation tissue is eventually remodeled into a scar composed of dense collagen interspersed with cells and blood vessels Arachidonic Acid Pathway - ✔ produced when there is a tissue injury. arachidonic acid is metabolized to produce inflammatory mediators (protaglandins and leukotrienes). Toxic effect - ✔ Occurs when the desire effects is excessive. Can be dose related Drug Allergy - ✔ Hypersensitivity response to a drug to which the patient was previously exposed. Not dose related Teratogenic effect - ✔ Casual relationship between the drug use of a mother and congenital abnormalities Local effect - ✔ Effects occurring at the site of administration ex) includes pain or irritation at an injection site Drug interaction - ✔ Occurs when the effect of one drug is altered by another drug norepinephrine - ✔ sympathetic nervous system's postganglionic neurotransmitter acetylcholine - ✔ parasympathetic nervous system's postganglionic neurotransmitter adrenergic drugs - ✔ kind of drugs that mimic the sympathetic nervous system. examples are ventolin (albuterol), epinephrine, & dopamine. adrenergic drugs - ✔ kind of drugs that should be avoided with conditions such as angina, uncontrolled hypertension, uncontrolled hyperthyroidism adrenergic-blocking drugs - ✔ type of drugs that are used to block sympathetic effects. may block alpha, beta-1, or beta-2 adrenergic receptors (-olols) hypertension - ✔ Inderal (propranolol) non- selective beta blocker to treat _______ hypertension - ✔ Tenormin (atenolol) selective beta-blocker to treat _______ hypertension - ✔ Lopressor (metoprolol) selective beta-blocker to treat _______ glaucoma - ✔ Timoptic (timolol) treats _____ cholinergic drugs - ✔ type of drugs that mimic the parasympathetic nervous system. examples are pilocarpine. contraindicated with conditions such as asthma, ulcers, and cardiac disease pilocarpine - ✔ cholinergic drug that is used to increase saliva flow in patients with Sjogren's syndrome and to treat glaucoma. anticholinergic drug - ✔ type of drugs that block the parasympathetic nervous system. examples include atropine, imodium, scopalamine, dramamine analgesic drugs - ✔ type of pain medications aspirin - ✔ nonopioid drug, mechanism of action is the inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis aspirin - ✔ the effects of this drug include analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, anti-platelet aspirin - ✔ contraindications of this drug includes GI irritation, hypersensitivity, association with Reye's syndrome, tinnitus and interferes with clotting Reye's syndrome - ✔ a potentially sever reaction in children with either chicken pox or influenza. Avoid aspirin in children (acetaminophen is drug of choice) acetaminophen - ✔ nonopioid analgesic, antipyretic, but not anti-inflammatory drug (tylenol) acetaminophen - ✔ adverse effects of this drug is hepatotoxicity and liver necrosis at high doses/overdose analgesics - ✔ drug of choice for children, patients on anticoagulants, ulcers, and for post-operative pain after periodontal treatment. ibuprofen - ✔ nonopioid NSAID analgesic; inhibits prostaglandin synthesis; effects include analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory; contraindicated for patients with gastric ulcers and can decrease the effect of many drugs including ACE inhibitors, aspirin, beta blockers, steroids, loop diuretics and LITHIUM