Understanding Health Risks: High Blood Pressure, Diabetes, Obesity, and Chronic Diseases, Exams of Nursing

Download Understanding Health Risks: High Blood Pressure, Diabetes, Obesity, and Chronic Diseases and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NBHWC Exam complete update 2024 Well-being is associated with: - 1) Self-perceived health 2)Longevity 3)Healthy behaviors 4)Mental & physical illness 5) Social connectedness 6)Productivity 7)Factors in physical & social environment Well-being survey: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) --> questions/questionnaires - General Well-Being Schedule (1971-1975). Well-being survey: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) --> questions/questionnaires - 1) Quality of Well-being Scale. 2)Global life satisfaction. 3)Satisfaction with emotional and social support. 4) Feeling happy in the past 30 days. Well-being survey: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) --> questions/questionnaires - 1) Global life satisfaction. 2) Satisfaction with emotional and social support. Well-being survey: Porter Novelli Healthstyles Survey --> questions/questionnaires - 1) Satisfaction with Life Scale. 2)Meaning in life. 3)Autonomy, competence, and relatedness. 4) Overall and domain specific life satisfaction. 5) Overall happiness. 6) Positive and Negative Affect Scale. Dr. John Travis' New Vision - Dr. Travis decided that rather than treating sick people, he would dedicate his life to inspiring people to be well. Dr. Travis Key Concept #1 - Illness-Wellness Continuum: Wellness is a process, never a static state. Dr. Travis Key Concept #2 - Iceberg Model Iceberg Model - Illness and Health are only the tip of the iceberg. To understand their causes, you must look below the surface. Dr. Travis Key Concept #3 - Wellness Energy System: We are all energy transformers, connected with the whole universe. All our life processes, including illness, depends on how we manage energy. The efficient flow of energy is essential to wellness. Wellness Energy System - How you manage your energy has an impact on how you manage your health Energy Inputs - Three major sources for energy input around are around us all the time. These are.. 1) Oxygen (breathing) 2) Food (eating) 3) Sensory Stimulation (sensing) such as physical touch, heat, light, sound, and other forms of electromagnetic radiation. Energy Outputs - You are the channel or the transformer of energy sources. Internal Output - We use part of the energy we take in to maintain the channel, to build and repair the body itself and much of it occurs during our all-important sleep periods. External Output - The outside world will also be affected by the ways you transform energy. You radiate heat and eliminate waste products in the form of urine, perspiration, carbon dioxide, and the shedding of dead skin. The rest of us will be affected by your touching, your physical work, and play, your laughter, and sadness. We will learn about you, and ourselves, through communication, the sharing of intellectual pursuits, and the expression of creativity. Life Processes of Energy Output - 1) Self-Responsibility and Love 2) Moving 3)Feeling 4)Thinking 5)Playing and Working 6) Communicating 7) Intimacy 8)Finding Meaning 9)Transcending Blood Pressure - Blood pressure is the pressure of blood pushing against the walls of your arteries. Arteries carry blood from your heart to other parts of your body. Your blood pressure normally rises and falls throughout the day. Fasting Blood Sugar Test - This measures your blood sugar after an overnight fast. Glucose Tolerance Test - Measures your blood sugar before and after you drink a beverage filled with glucose. you will fast overnight to determine your fasting blood sugar test and then drink the liquid. Random Blood Sugar Test - 200 mg/dL or higher = diabetes Consequences of Obesity - - All-causes of death (mortality) - High blood pressure (Hypertension) - High LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, or high levels of triglycerides (Dyslipidemia) - Type 2 diabetes - Coronary heart disease - Stroke - Gallbladder disease - Osteoarthritis (a breakdown of cartilage and bone within a joint) -Sleep apnea and breathing problems - Many types of cancers - Low quality of life - Mental illness such as clinical depression, anxiety, and other mental disorders - Body pain and difficulty with physical functioning National Costs of Obesity - - In 2008, these costs were estimated to be $147 billion. - The annual nationwide productive costs of obesity obesity-related absenteeism range between $3.38 billion ($79 per obese individual) and $6.38 billion ($132 per individual with obesity) What is BMI - BMI is a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters. Underweight BMI - Less than 18.5 Normal BMI - 18.5 - 24.9 Overweight BMI - 25 - 29.9 Obese BMI - 30 or higher Waist Circumference - - A numerical measurement of the waist, used to assess an individual's abdominal fat and establish ideal body weight. - Excessive abdominal fat may be serious because it places you at greater risk for developing obesity-related conditions, such as Type 2 Diabetes, high blood pressure, and coronary artery disease. Waist Circumference High Risk (Women) - (Non-Pregnant) more than 35 inches Waist Circumference High Risk (Men) - More than 40 inches LDL - low-density lipoprotein (bad cholesterol) less than 100 mg/dL = good HDL - high density lipoproteins (healthy type of cholesterol) Excess body fat is associated with... - High level of LDL and triglycerides & low levels of HDL. Abdominal Fat - excess fat around the trunk of the body, increases risk of disease...worst of the worst type of fat Visceral Fat - fat located around major organs; also called intra-abdominal fat. ...............................................................................................................BAD!! (Raises blood pressure, blood sugar levels, and cardiac risk) Subcutaneous Fat - layer of fat cells beneath the skin that helps conserve body heat Lipotoxicity - Visceral fat cells release metabolic products into the portal circulation, which carries blood straight to the liver. Visceral fat cells that are enlarged and stuffed with excess triglycerides pour free fatty acids into the liver. Free fatty acids also accumulate in the pancreas, heart, and other organs. The free fatty acids accumulate in cells that are not engineered to store fat. The result is organ dysfunction, resulting in impaired regulation of insulin, blood sugar, and cholesterol, and abnormal heart function. Evaluating Abdominal Obesity - Three ways: 1) CT or MRI to measure amount of visceral fat. 2)Waist-to-hip ratio (Waist in inches / Hips in inches) = ratio Chances of suffering from a heart attack or stroke increases if... - Men Ratio = Above .95 - Women Ratio = Above .85 3)Measuring Waist Circumference Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) - Symptoms include: - chest pain or discomfort - weakness, light-headedness, nausea, cold sweat - pain/discomfort in arms or shoulder - shortness of breath Angina - Chest pain and discomfort Risks for CAD - Overweight, inactivity, unhealthy eating, smoking tobacco. Echocardiogram - ultrasound of the heart Exercise Stress Test - study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill Cholesterol - Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance made by the liver or found in certain foods. Your liver makes enough for your body's needs, but we often get more cholesterol from the foods we eat. Ischemic Stroke - a type of stroke that occurs when the flow of blood to the brain is blocked Hemorrhagic Stroke - occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed FAST for stroke - Face drooping Arms drifting Speech Slurred/Strange Time is imperative. Call 911 right away if you see signs. Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) - Minor stroke; where neurological function is regained quickly with time. - Warning sing for a future stroke. - Blood flow is only blocked from brain for a short time -- usually no more than 5 minutes. Sickle Cell Disease - Blood disorder linked to ischemic stroke. effects mainly black and Hispanic children. Causes red blood cells to form an abnormal sickle shape. Metabolic Syndrome - Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for heart disease and other health problems, such as diabetes and stroke. Metabolic Risk Factors - 1. A large waistline. 2. A high triglyceride level (or you're on medicine to treat high triglycerides). 3. A low HDL cholesterol level (or you're on medicine to treat low HDL cholesterol). 4. High blood pressure (or you're on medicine to treat high blood pressure). Anti-Inflammatory Diet - Mediterranean diet: emphasizes fish, veggies, olive oil, nuts/seeds Anti-Inflammation Foods vs. Inflammation Foods - Autogenic Training - In autogenic training, you learn to concentrate on the physical sensations of warmth, heaviness, and relaxation in different parts of your body. How does a coach facilitate behavior change? - By empowering the client to self- discover values, resources, and strategies that are individualized and meaningful. Transtheoretical Model of Change - 1. Precontemplation 2. Contemplation 3. Preparation 4. Action 5. Maintenance Self-Determination Theory - a theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation Social Cognitive Theory - The Social Cognitive Learning Theory acknowledges the constant interaction that exists between the individual and his or her environment, both structural and social, to shape behavior. Three personal cognitive factors that are affected by the environment influence behavior: Observational learning: Individuals are more likely to perform a desired behavior if they observe others modeling that behavior and experiencing the subsequent positive rewards. Outcome expectations: Individuals are more likely to practice a desired behavior if they believe the benefits of performing that behavior and outweigh the costs. Self-efficacy: Individuals are more likely to practice a desired behavior if they perceive that they have the necessary skills and capacity to do so. Positive Psychology Improves... - 1) Creativity 2) Open-Mindedness 3)Connection 4)Strategic Thinking 5)Resilience 6)Overall health The most common psychosocial risk factors for chronic disease are.... - - Unmanaged Stress - Depression - Social Isolation Social detriments for health related issues include... - - Socioeconomic status - Transportation - Housing - Access to Services - Discrimination by social grouping - Social/Work-related stresstors Smoking is linked to... - - Multiple cancers - Cardiovascular disease - Reproductive issues - Chronic illnesses (type 2 diabetes, RA..) IHC Process - 1. Vision 2. Values 3. Assessment 4. Focus 5. Readiness to Change 6. Goal Setting 7. Preparation for Action 8. Action 9. Maintenance Failure is viewed... - In the context of learning as a positive step in achieving established goals. Four process of motivational interviewing - Engaging. The coach and client build rapport and trust. Focusing. The coach and client develop a shared agenda for coaching sessions. Evoking. This is the heart of motivational interviewing. Coaches help clients explore their motivation to change and resolve their ambivalence about it. Much of MI's power lies in the art and science of evoking. Planning. Finally, the client resolves to change and is ready to develop and implement an action plan. Here, the client is "thinking and talking more about when and how to change and less about whether and why" Amplified Reflection - MI - Respond to sustain talk with an overstatement. Deliver it with empathy and no sign of sarcasm or impatience, which could prompt a defensive or hostile reaction. For example, when a client says, "I am only here because my wife made me come," an amplified reflection might be, "Your wife is worrying needlessly about your health." Normal A1C range - Below 5.7% = normal Prediabetic A1C level - Between 5.7 and 6.4% Diabetic A1C level - 6.5% or higher Normal fasting blood glucose - 99 mg/dL or below Prediabetic fasting blood glucose - 100-125 mg/dL *also metabolic risk factor Diabetic fasting blood glucose - 126 mg/dL or higher Normal glucose tolerance test (@ 2 hours...) - 140 mg/dL or lower Pre-diabetic glucose tolerance test (@ 2 hours...) - 140-199 mg/dL Diabetic glucose tolerance test (@ 2 hours) - 200 mg/dL or higher Good HDL level - greater than or equal to 60 mg/dL HDL metabolic Risk for women - Less than 50 mg/dL HDL metabolic risk for men - 40 mg/dL Waist circumference low risk (men) - 37 in and below Waist circumference intermediate risk (men) - 37.1-39.9 inches Waist circumference high risk (men) - 40+ inches Waist circumference low risk (women) - 31.5 in or below Waist circumference intermediate risk (women) - 31.6-34.9 inches Waist circumference high risk (women) - 35+ inches Total Cholesterol - less than 200 mg/dL Triglycerides (good level) - Less than 150 mg/dL Triglycerides (metabolic risk level) - 150 mg/dL or higher