Ethics and Certification in Counseling: A Comprehensive Guide, Exams of Nursing

Download Ethics and Certification in Counseling: A Comprehensive Guide and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NCE: Professional Orientation And Ethics Questions And Answers. National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC) - \APGA formed the NBCC in 1982; National Certified Counselor (NCC) designation lasts for 5 years; counselors either need to have 100 approved hours of continued professional development or sit for the NCE again Certified Clinical Mental Health Counselor (CCMHC) - \advanced certification; can only be obtained after a counselor is a National Certified Counselor (NCC) National Certified School Counselors (NCSC) - \advanced certification; can only be obtained after a counselor is a National Certified Counselor (NCC) Master Addictions Counselor (MAC) - \advanced certification; can only be obtained after a counselor is a National Certified Counselor (NCC) Council for the Accredidation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP) - \ACA affiliate forme din 1981 that certifies counselor programs scope of practice - \counselors should only practice using techniques for which they have been trained; counselor should not attempt to treat clients for which s/he has no training ethics - \define standards of behavior set forth by organizations and certification bodies confidentiality - \the counselor will not reveal anything about a client unless s/he is given specific authorization to do so; counselors must also protect the confidentiality of the deceased 10 exceptions to confidentiality - \1) client is a danger to self or others; 2) client requests a release of information; 3) a court orders a release of information; 4) the counselor is engaged in a systematic supervision process; 5) clerical assistant who process client information and papers; 6) legal and clinical consultation situations; 7) client raises the issue of counselor's competence in a malpractice lawsuit; 8) client is less than 18 years old (a parent or guardian can demand that information be disclosed that was revealed during a session); 9) an elderly person is abused; 10) insurance company/managed care company requests a diagnosis and/or relevant clinical information privileged communication - \a therapeutic interaction will not be available for public inspection; the client, not the counselor, can choose to have confidential information revealed during a legal proceeding qualified - \privileged communication is qualified, meaning that exceptions may exist 6 exceptions to privileged communication - \1) child abuse, neglect or exploitation; 2) suicide or homicide threats; 3) criminal intentions; 4) client is in need of hospitalization; 5) when a counselor is the victim of a malpractice lawsuit; 6) does not apply to minors or those who are mentally incompetent duty to warn - \Tarasoff; professional helper has a duty to warm a person of serious and foreseeable harm to him/herself or others impaired professional - \a helper who has personal issues (e.g., substance abuse or brain damage) that would hinder the quality of services rendered beneficence - \the counselor is working for the good of the client or the group justice - \the counselor treats all members fairly (usually applied to group situations) nonmaleficience - \the counselor will do no harm defamation - \behavior that can damage one's reputation libel - \defamation that is written slander - \if the defamation refers to verbal remarks accredidation - \a process whereby an angency or school (not an individual) meets certain standard and qualifications set forth by an association or accrediting organization \when a counselor has another significant relationship with the client that hinders objectivity; also when a supervisor accepts a subordinate or administrator as a client dual relationship exception - \exceptions are made only in instances where an individual's situation warrants counseling intervention & another alternative in unavailable abandonment - \occurs when a counselor stops providing services and does not refer the client to another helper countertransference (ethics) - \a typical manifestation would be romantic or sexual feelings toward a client; prior to the point where the counselor's attraction interfered with the treatment, most experts would advise against discussing the attraction with the client Computer Managed Counseling (CMC) - \when a computer helps manage your practice (e.g., bookkeeping, client scheduling, printing billing statements, and compiling referral sources) Computer Assisted Counseling (CAC) - \controversial, is like having a counseling assistant do the counseling for you (e.g, a computer software program that attempts to counsel clients) self-help software package - \the package must be initially designed for stand alone usage as opposed to modifying a package requiring counselor support informed consent - \counselor informs the client what will take place so the client will have the necessary information to decide whether s/he wants to consent to the procedure multiple submission - \transpires when a journal article is submitted to more than one journal at a time; once published, counselor cannot publish elsewhere without the express permission of the first publisher negligence - \not taking prudent care, inattention to one's duty/business (e.g., failure to warn); most ethical/legal issues counselors face have to do with neglect stereotyping - \when a counselor views all persons of a given classification or group in a biased manner discrimination - \not treating all clients in an equal manner especially due to religious, racial, ethnic, sexual, or cultural prejudice on the part of the therapist bartering - \a client exchanges good or services for treatment or testing; ethics allow the practice if the client requests it, a written contract is drafted, and the relationship is not exploitative; bartering is generally discouraged consultation (ethics) - \a voluntary relationship between a professional helper and a help-needing individual, group, or social unit in which the consultant helps define or solve problems related to clients or work-related issues; the consulting relationship encourages self-direction for the consultee; consultant should not become a decision-maker for clients or create a dependent relationship behavioral counseling - \has caused the most ethical concerns; behavior therapists can control, manipulate and shape behavior copayment - \when clients pay a portion of the service because a third-part system does not cover the entire counseling fee DSM Axes - \multiaxial system of diagnosis; Axis I - Clinical Syndrome: Other Conditions that May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention; Axis II - Personality Disorders & Mental Retardation; Axis III - General Medical Conditions; Axis IV - Psychosocial & Environmental Problems; Axis V - Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) - \scale of 1-100 of how well the client is functioning; two GAF ratings are give: 1) present level of functioning; 2) highest level of functioning during the past year which endured for at least a few months DSM codes - \xxx.xx (5 digits); fifth digit refers to severity; fifth digit 0 = unspecified; NOS = not otherwise specified; NEC = not elsewhere classified (for ICD) DSM 5th digit (schizophrenia) - \1 = subchronic; 2 = chronic; 3 = subchronic with acute exacerbation; 4 = chronic with acute exacerbation; 5 = remission; 6 = unspecified DSM 5th digit (organic impairment) - \1 = with delerium; 2 = with delusions; 3 = with depression; 0 = uncomplicated; 5th digit for schizophrenia: V code - \conditions which are not attributable to a mental condition, but is the focus of treatment (e.g., marital problems, borderline intellectual functioning, malingering, parent-child problems, occupational problems, noncompliance with medical treatment, phase of life circumstance) CPT code - \specifies the exact nature of the treatment being utilized to help your client (e.g. psychotherapy); can specify the length of the service unti; needed for 3rd party payors superbill - \statement that verifies the nature of the counselor/client interaction; client's name, date, DSM or ICD diagnosis, CPT code, and provider's name and license; needed for 3rd party payors referral fee - \unethical to pay or be paid a fee for referring clients 4 types of consultation (Gerard Caplan) - \1) client-centered consultation: when the ultimate goal is to help the client; (e.g., licensing supervisor suggests a plan of action for a given client); 2) consultee-centered consultation: focus is on helping the consultee develop improved techniques or skills; (e.g., licensing supervisor explains a better way to implement a hypnotic induction with one of your clients); 3) consultee-centered administrative consultation: intention is to improve your administrative skills (e.g., making you a better presenter at a meeting); 4) program-centered administrative consultation: emphasis on creating, designing, or evaluating the program in question doctor-patient consultation (Schein) - \4 stages: entry, diagnosis, implementation and evaluation; consultee must accurately depict symptomology, trust the consultant's diagnosis, and carry out the consultant's directives consultation content/process - \consultants can focus on process (i.e., what is happening from a communications standpoint) or content (i.e., knowledge imparted from consultant to consultee) testimonials - \it is unethical to solicit testimonials from clients first counselors - \deans and advisors employed after the Civil War in college settings to watch over young women The Education Act for All Handicapped Children (PL94-142) - unproven/developing treatments - \if a counselor uses a technique of treatment modality that is not proven via empirical evidence or a proven scientific foundation, always inform the client that the intervention is "unproven" or "developing"; discuss the possibility of harm with the client deception - \whenever possible, do not use deception with subjects in research studies; if you cannot find another alternative, then debrief the subjects as soon as possible mandatory ethics/standards - \clear cut rules/guidelines counselors must follow public law - \concerned with structure of government, duties and powers of officials; majority deals with the state; criminal law is public law private law - \concerned with substantive and procedural rules and governing relations between individuals, including private injuries, contracts, and marriage; civil law/private law is a body of rules/procedures intended to govern the conduct of individuals in their relationships with others tort law - \private law; negligent, incompetent, or intentional civil wrong not arising out of contract/statute; a tort is an act that injures someone in some way; the injured person may sue to wrongdoer for damages; the suit must be brought by the victim/complainant (not the state); legally torts are civil wrongs as opposed to criminal wrongs; includes intentional torts (batter, defamation, and negligence) The Family Education Rights Privacy Act (FERPA) - \aka Public Law 93-380; protects privacy of student records; persons over 18 can inspect their own records & those of their children; information cannot be released without adult consent; only those with need-to-know have a right to see the file; separate counseling records from academic records PL 99-457 - \birth to 5 years; eligible children are developmentally delayed, have conditions that could result in significant developmental delay, or are at risk for significant developmental delay; children can be seriously emotionally disturbed and have other health impairments; assigned a case manager, provide parent training, individualized education plan (IEP); assessment domains: cognitive, psychosocial, self-help skills, physical condition, mental condition Americans with Disabilities Act - \aka PL 101-336; must provide reasonable accommodations Tarasoff v. Board of Regents of University of California (1974) - \counselor has duty to warn and to protect and predict dangerousness; counselors must 1) identify clients who are likely to do physical harm to third parties; 2) protect third parties from those clients judged potentially dangerous; 3) treat those clients who are dangerous; counselors are liable for negligence if 1) fail to diagnose/predict dangerousness; 2) fail to warn potential victims of violent behaviors; 3) fail to commit dangerous individual; 4) prematurely discharge dangerous client from hospital Jaffee v. Redmond (1996) - \communications between counselors and client is privileged and therefore protected from forced disclosure in cases arising under federal law; not applicable in cases of child abuse, neglect or exploitation, suicide/homicide threats, criminal intentions, clients needing hospitalization, or where counselor is a victim of a malpractice lawsuit