Fundamentals of Interior Design: Perception, Color, and Spatial Representation, Exams of Industrial design

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NCIDQ IDFX EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS COMPLETE UPDATE Advantages of Gypsum Drywall - answer low install cost, quick & easy installation, fire resistance, sound control capability, easy availability, versatility, ease of finishing & decorating, ease of installation of doors/other openings Gypsum Drywall Edges - answer Tapered: Most common; tapered on face side along the long dimension of the panel & square edges at the end; allows for application of reinforcing tape & joint compound without causing bulges at joints Square: used where appearance is NOT a factor, for basic layers of 2-layer applications & for veneer plaster work Levels of Gypsum Drywall - answer 1: plenums above ceilings & other areas not normally open to view (tape embedded in joint compound w/ surface free of excess compound 2. water resistant backing board (all joints & angles have tape embedded in joint & one separate coat of compound 3. heavy or medium textured finishes/heavy-grade wallcovering ( 2 coats of compound) 4. Light textured or wallcoverings & where economy is concerned (3 layers) 5. all paints, severe lighting conditions (4 layers) Studs are spaced how far apart? - answer residential: 16" O.C. commercial: 24" O.C. Slip Joint - answer prevent wall from being damaged if the structural floor deflects Plaster Construction - answer 1. Scratch Coat 2. Brown Coat (level surface) 3. Finish Coat (Leveling & desired texture) *Add Trim Masonry Block Dimensions - answer 8"x8"x16" (-3/8" for mortar joints) Demountable Partitions - answer Consists of a system of individual components that can be quickly assembled, disassembled & reused with nearly total salvageability consists of floor runners, ceiling runners, stud sections with clips to hold panels, & prefinished gyp. wallboard panels uses aluminum for framing Definition: Hinges - answer Consist of 2 leaves with an odd number of knuckles on one leaf and an even number of knuckles on the other knuckles are attached with a pin knuckle + pin = barrel (finished with tip) Types of Hinge Tips - answer -flat button (most common; typical) -hospital -oval head (typical) occupancy separation: 3/4-hr door rated 1 hr rated exit stair enclosure: 1 hr door rated 2 hr rated exit stair enclosure: 1 1/2 hr door rated integrated ceilings - answer suspended ceiling system specifically designed to accommodate acoustical ceiling tile, light fixtures, supply & return air grilles, fire sprinklers and partition attachment in a CONSISTENT, UNIFIED way all proprietary systems intended to be used in commercial applications where the partition lights & other elements connected to the ceiling change FREQUENTLY all components designed for max. REUSABILITY & FLEXIBILITY stainless steel - answer used for its corrosion resistance, strength & appearance brass & bronze - answer predominantly copper in practical use, many alloys that are really brass are referred to as bronze although corrosion resistant, it changes color with age & exposure to moisture in the air finish carpentry - answer exposed wood construction assembled AT THE JOB SITE (i.e. doors & windows, door & window trim, standard wood base & other molding, site-built stairs & handrails) architectural woodwork - answer CUSTOM, SHOP-fabricated millwork built of lumber, finished wood & other materials Finish carpentry grade - answer determines the type & number of allowable defects -B & better: excellent for natural finishes/paint (supply limited) -C select: slightly more defects & usually best grade to specify for painting & some natural finishes vertical grain: tends to warp less, more abrasion resistant, stain more uniformly, cut so annual growth rings are PERPENDICULAR to face of board plywood - answer -made from an odd # of layers of thin veneer glued together under heat & pressure -used in FINISH carpentry (door trims, etc.) particleboard - answer -composed of small wood particles, fibers, and CHIPS of various sizes mixed together in a binder and formed under pressure into a panel -commonly used as a SUBSTRATE for natural and laminate veneers in architectural woodwork construction (i.e. casework not built on site) -most common, dimensionally stable; smooth surface; impact resistance MDF - answer -made from wood particles REDUCED to fibers (fluff) in a moderate-pressure stream vessel and then combined with a resin and bonded together under heat and pressure -most DIMENSIONALLY STABLE -used for painting, thin overlay materials, veneers and high pressure decorative laminate, shelving, molding, and furniture Stairs - answer -step: portion of egress achieving a change in elevation by means of a SINGLE riser -stairway: a change in elevation having 2 OR MORE risers winding vs. curved stairway - answer -winding: tapered treads that are wider at one end than the other -curved: SIDES whose SHAPE is a curve (inside smaller arc cannot be less than twice the required width of the stair or it is winding) carriage vs. stringer - answer cut out of 2"x12" members to SUPPORT treads and risers/ holds treads and risers together VS members run along sides of stairs steel beam & girder system - answer -large members called GIRDERS span between columns and small beams are framed into them -girders span SHORT DISTANCE because they carry the weight of the beams (beams span longer distance because they frame into the girders) -framing is usually covered with steel decking, which spans between the beams, then concrete topping is poured over the decking to complete the floor slab (EASY to penetrate holes) -found in MID to HIGH rise office buildings -usually LIMITED SPACE between the bottom of the girders and the suspended ceiling (possibility of adding new mech. ductwork or installing large recessed light fixtures should be reviewed before final decisions are made) open web STEEL joist system - answer -joists span between beams or bearing walls -steel decking spans between joists and a concrete slab is poured on top of the decking (EASY to penetrate holes) -one-story/low rise buildings with wide column spacing -because webs are open, mech. and elec. service ducts, pipes, and conduits can easily be hung from the bottom of the joists load applied suddenly OR changes RAPIDLY (i.e. automobile moving in a parking garage, elevator traveling in a shaft, helicopter landing on the roof of a building wood construction stud spacing - answer residential: 16" OC commercial: 24" OC header - answer in wood construction: vertical members that act as a beam to carry loads FRAMING member that crosses & supports the end of joists, transferring the weight of the joist to parallel joists glulams - answer built up from a number of individual pieces of lumber, which are glued together and finished under factory conditions for use as beams, columns, purlins, and other structural components used where large wood members are required for heavy loads or large spans and simple sawn timber pieces are not available or cannot meet strength requirements plywood web joists - answer lightweight I-shaped joist consisting of a top & bottom chord of solid/laminated construction separated by a plywood web -used in residential and light commercial construction & allows longer spans than are possible with a solid wood joist system cricket - answer saddle-shaped projection on a sloping roof used to divert water around an obstacle lintel - answer horizontal structural member over an opening that CARRIES THE WEIGHT of the wall above air system to heat/cool building - answer cool/heat spaces by conditioned air alone -heat is transported to space with supply and return air ducts -i.e. residential forced hot air furnace: boiler powered by oil or gas heats the air that is distributed through the house VAV, high-velocity dual duct, constant volume with reheat, and multizone system - answer registers connected to the supply air duct can be adjusted to control the direction of the air flow and the volume of air coming through them -a lot of times, separate ducts are NOT used for return air, but grilles are simply placed in the suspended ceiling to collect return air -mechanical system draws the return air back to a central collecting point where it is then returned through ducts to the buildings heating plant VAV: box varies the quantity of air (one duct leads in and SEVERAL lead out and are attached to registers mounted to the ceiling) dual duct: mixing box actually mixes cool & hot air coming into it from 2 separate ducts and distributes the mixed air to ducts serving individual rooms/space all water heating system - answer use some type of coil unit called a convector (a unit or device that radiates heat from water to the surrounding air, usually through closed spaced fins placed against a wall under a window) in each space through which hot water is circulated -hot water heats the fins of the coil unit and the air is heated as it is drawn over the fins -for heating & a separate duct system for ventilation and cooling terminal reheat system - answer use ductwork for supplying fresh air but use water to heat and cool air before it is introduced into the conditioned air box contains a hot-water coil (COPPER PIPE) that provides additional heat to the air stream mixing box - answer adjusts the quantity or temperature of air going into a space from the main air supply line(s), reduces the velocity of air, and attenuate noise; 2 PRIMARY DUCTS leading to it because of size and connection with ductwork & thermostats, mixing boxes are often EXPENSIVE and difficult to move conductors - answer extend from circuit breaker boxes & individual switching, lights, and outlets Romex - answer -nonmetallic sheathed cable -consists of 2 OR MORE plastic insulated & ground wire surrounded by a MOISTURE-RESISTANT plastic jacket -can be used in WOOD STUD residential building & buildings not exceeding 3 floors as long as it is used with wood studs and protected from damage by being concealed behind walls & ceilings BX or flex - answer flexible metal-clad cable or armored cable (AC) -consists of 2 or more plastic-insulated conductors encased in a continuous SPIRAL-wound strip of STEEL tape -often used in remodeling work because it can be pulled through existing spaces within a building -also used to connect commercial light fixtures so they can be RELOCATED in a suspended acoustical ceiling Individual plastic-insulated conductors - answer must be placed in METAL conduit or other approved carriers -conduit supports and protects the wiring, serves as a system ground, and protects surrounding constructions from fire if the wire overheats or shorts GFCI must be located within how many inches of a water source to be GFCI - answer 36" Intrusion Detection: Window screen - answer fine wires embedded in the screen that can be used to set off an alarm when they are broken Intrusion Detection: photoelectric cells - answer cells detect when the beam has been broken, either by a door opening or by someone passing through an opening area or room protection: photoelectric beam - answer warn of intrusion by sending a pulsed infrared beam across a room; if beam is broken, device sounds an alarm or sends a signal to a monitoring system area or room protection: infrared detectors - answer sense sources of infrared radiation, such as the human body, compared with the normal room radiation area or room protection: audio detectors - answer listen to unusual sounds in a space at levels above what is normally encountered area or room protection: pressure sensors - answer detect weight on a floor or on another surface (sensor mats used) area or room protection: ultrasonic detectors - answer emit a very high frequency sound wave area or room protection: microwave detectors - answer emit a field of microwave radiation and sense interruption in that field object protection: capacitance proximity detectors - answer detect when metal objects are touched object protection: vibration detectors - answer sense a disturbance of the object object protection: infrared motion detectors - answer determine if space around an object is violated electronic shielding - answer involves building a "cage" of continuously conductive material that catches signals and conducts them to the ground access control devices: interlocking dead bolts - answer secure the door bolt to the strike so that the door jamb cannot be spread to disengage the bolt from the frame access control devices: card readers - answer plastic card containing a coded magnetic strip used to unlock the door when a valid card is passed through the card reader access control devices: numbered keyboards - answer unlock a door when a user enters the correct numerical code access control devices: punched card access system - answer key code changed each time a new person checks into a hotel room, etc. locking mechanism: electrical lock - answer retracts the bolt when activated from the SECURE side of the door --unlatching from the inside is done by a button/switch/mechanical retraction of the bolt with the lever handle (i.e. AGD doors) locking mechanism: electric strike - answer replace standard door strike and consists of a moveable mechanism that is mortised into the frame --upon activation, electric strike retracts allowing the door to be open --replaces fixed strike faceplate and it allows the door to close and latch just like a fixed plate would locking mechanism: electric bolt - answer upon activation, bolt retracts, allowing normal operation of door --fail safe feature retracts bolt if there is a power failure or upon activation of a fire alarm --cannot be used on EXIT DOORS prescriptive (closed) spec - answer -proprietary: call out SPECIFIC manufacturer's product; no competitive bidding allowed -base-bid (equal): calls out proprietary material or product but allows the SUBSTITUTION of other products that the contractor thinks is equal ----variation: list several approved manufacturers or base-bid spec with "approved equal" performance (open) spec - answer -descriptive: gives detailed written REQUIREMENTS for the material product and the WORKMANSHIP required for its fabrication and installation; does NOT mention tradenames -reference standard: variation of the descriptive spec type that describes a material, product, or process based on requirements (REFERENCE STANDARDS) set by an accepted authority or test method (can be made to trade associations) -pure performance: statement setting criteria and results required of an item being specified (results verified by measurements, tests, etc.) Masterformat (by Construction Spec Institute) - answer part 1: general requirements, submittals required, quality assurance requirements, warranties, project conditions, specs for delivery, storage, and handling of materials part 2: detailed specs of materials and products themselves, what standards or test methods material must conform to, how items are fabricated part 3: how products or materials are to be installed, applied, etc.; describes examination and preparation required before installation; how quality control should be maintained in the field; requirements for adjusting, cleaning, and protection of finished work --construction often LESS EXPENSIVE than flush overlay because minor misalignments and sagging are NOT as NOTICEABLE scribe piece - answer allows cabinet installers to fit cabinet/countertop edge precisely against a wall that may not be perfectly straight veneer matching method: matching between adjacent veneer leaves: BOOKMATCHING - answer veneers are SLICED off the LOG and every other piece is TURNED OVER so that the adjacent leaves form a symmetrical grain pattern veneer matching method: matching between adjacent veneer leaves: SLIP MATCHING - answer consecutive pieces are placed side by side and the same face sides are exposed veneer matching method: matching between adjacent veneer leaves: RANDOM - answer places veneers sliced off log in random sequence and veneers from different flitches may be used veneer matching method: matching veneers within a panel: BOOKMATCHED RUNNING MATCH - answer simply alternates bookmatched veneer pieces (all the veneer leaves), regardless of their width or how many pieces must be used to complete the panel --any portion left over from the last leaf of one panel is used as the starting piece for the next veneer matching method: matching veneers within a panel: BOOKMATCHED BALANCE MATCH - answer utilizes veneer pieces (grouping of veneer leaves) TRIMMED to equal widths in each panel veneer matching method: matching veneers within a panel: BOOKMATCHED CENTER MATCH - answer has an even number of veneer leaves of uniform widths so that there is a veneer JOINT in the CENTER of the panel veneer matching method: matching panels within a room: WAREHOUSE MATCH - answer least expensive; PREMANUFACTURED panels, normaly 4x8-10' are assembled from a single flitch that yields 6-12 panels --FIELD CUT to fit around doors, windows, and other obstructions, resulting in SOME loss of grain continuity --EQUAL panel widths veneer matching method: matching panels within a room: SEQUENCE MATCH - answer use panels of uniform width MANUFACTURED for SPECIFIC JOB and with the veneers arranged in a sequence --if some panels must be trimmed to fit around doors/other obstructions, there is a moderate loss of grain continuity veneer matching method: matching panels within a room: BLUEPRINT MATCHING - answer panels are manufactured PRECISELY to fit the room and LINE UP with every obstruction so grain continuity is not interrupted --veneers from the same flitch are matched over doors, cabinets, and other items covered with paneling electronic distance measurement - answer uses LASER-BASED instrument with an ONBOARD COMPUTER to measure the distance, horizontal and vertical angles of the instrument's laser beam to a reflective prism target --1/64" accuracy reflectorless electronic distance measurement - answer relies on a return signal bounced from the object being measured --accuracy affected by the obliqueness of the laser beam on the targeted point, the distance from the instrument to the targeted point, and the reflective quality and texture of the targeted point rectified photography - answer uses large-format, FILM-BASED view cameras to photograph FACADES --camera's focal plane is set parallel to the facade and gives a flat image with no perspective distortion --dimensions can be scaled off image, but to improve accuracy, the building plane should be relatively FLAT orthophotography - answer similar to rectified, except that is relies on DIGITAL photography and correction of optical distortion through computer software -technology of correcting aerial photographs so that displayed distances are uniform and can be measured like MAP (flat) photogrammetry (drawing) - answer SURVEYING of objects/spaces by using photography and associated software stereophotogrammetry (stereo- = solidity) - answer uses 2 OVERLAPPING photos that are loaded into a computer program to produce a digital stereo image --image can then be used to extract info to make a 3D drawing convergent photogrammetry - answer uses multiple, OBLIQUE photographic images (surveying of objects/spaces but with multiple images) taken at different angles --measurements and 3d models are derived by using software that traces the multiple overlapping photos taken from different angles --required REFERENCE POINTS laser scanning - answer uses medium-range, pulsing laser beams, which systematically sweep over an object or space to obtain 3d coordinates of points of the surfaces of the object/space being scanned --resulting image is a "point cloud" forming a 3d image net area - answer ACTUAL AREA required to accommodate specific functions (includes walls and building columns) usable area - answer area available for assignment to a tenant, including the actual net area (where activities are taking place) and the secondary circulation space rentable area - answer total amount of usable space available, but it also includes structural columns, the thickness of some partitions, and typ. a portion of the exterior wall of the building --many standards they develop become adopted as industry standards and are referenced by building codes and regulatory agencies selection criteria for furniture - answer 1. satisfy functional needs -comfort -aesthetic -finish -cost cotton - answer inexpensive, strong, abrasion resistance BAD resilience & recovery, DEGRADES under prolonged exposure, BURNS readily, subject to MILDEW Linen - answer seldom used for upholstery because it LACKS RESILIENCE and flexibility and susceptible to abrasion dimensionally STABLE and resistant to fading, making it usable for draperies and wallcoverings Silk - answer very STRONG and has good RESILIENCE & flexibility; very expensive and DEGRADES in SUNLIGHT *flame resistant (not as much as wool) Rayon - answer POOR RESISTANCE to SUNLIGHT & poor resiliency (stretchy), high absorbency, low resistance to water and moisture **FLAMMABLE *seldom used for upholstery Acetate - answer low in cost, but *FLAMMABLE* and doesn't wear well --poor sunlight resistance (shiny) *triacetate: improved aging, flammability and resistance to sunlight Nylon - answer -one of the MOST POPULAR synthetic fibers -exceptionally strong with high resiliency and elasticity -resistant to many chemicals, water, and micro-organisms --flame resistant (not as much as wool, silk, and modacrylic) *often combined with other synthetic/natural fibers to obtain superior advantages of both Acrylic - answer used as a replacement for wool because of appearance --okay strength and resilience, VERY resistant to sunlight **FLAMMABLE Olefin - answer inexpensive and highly resistant to chemicals, mildew, and microorganisms --highly resilient and nonabsorbant --used for CARPETING **FLAMMABLE polyester - answer good resilience and elasticity (i.e. workout shirt) --high resistance to solvents and other chemicals --good resistance to sunlight **BURNING QUALITIES (can be treated) --absorbs and holds oily materials avora fr - answer POLYESTER yarn that uses modified polymer so it is PERMANENTLY flame resistant regardless of wear and number of washings --easy to clean, abrasion resistance, crease proof and dimensionally stable --DOES NOT retain odors and support bacteria gore seating protection - answer upholstery fabric lamination and treatment process that applies a breathable moisture barrier to the back of a fabric and a topical coating to the front of a fabric selecting fabrics: important criteria - answer -durability -resistance to abrasion = MOST IMPORTANT -flammability = also one of the most important considerations -maintenance -appearance -scale -comfort -touch -wearability snagging - answer catching and pulling a yarn out of fabric surface fuzzing - answer small fibers work out of yarn onto the surface of the fabric tearing strength test, tongue method - answer measures tearing resistance of fabrics after initial cut has been made to fabric bacterial resistance test - answer detects bacteriostatic activity Loudness vs. decibels - answer 1 = almost imperceptible 3 = just perceptible (doubling) 5 = CLEARLY NOTICEABLE (3 times as much) 6 = change when distance to source in a free field is doubled/halved 10 = twice/half as loud 18 = very much louder or quieter 20 = 4 times or 1/4 as loud sound transmission: 2 basic problems in controlling noise - answer 1. preventing/minimizing the transmission of sound from one space to another 2. reducing the noise within a space transmission loss and noise reduction is primarily retarded by what? - answer the mass of the partition **stiffness and rigidity is also important but not as much transmission loss - answer takes into account ONLY the loss through the partition noise reduction - answer dependent not only on transmission loss but also on the area of the partition separating the two spaces and the absorption of the surfaces in the quiet roon (the one producing the noise) --can be INCREASED by increasing the transmission loss of the partition, by increasing the absorption in the "quiet" room, by decreasing the area of the common wall between the rooms, or by some combo of all three STC (sound transmission class) - answer used to rate the transmission loss of CONSRUCTION --the higher the stc rating, the better the barrier is in stopping sound STC ratings: what do each number represent? - answer 25 = normal speech can CLEARLY be HEARD through the barrier 30 = LOUD speech can be HEARD and understood fairly well; NORMAL speech can be heard but BARELY understood 35 = LOUD speech NOT INTELLIGIBLE but can be heard 42-45 = loud speech can only be FAINTLY HEARD; normal speech cannot be heard 46-50 = LOUD speech NOT AUDIBLE; loud sounds other than speech can only be heard faintly if at all what do stc rating represent? - answer represent ideal loss through a barrier under lab conditions --breaks in barriers, such as cracks, electrical outlets, doors, etc. will significantly lessen overall noise reduction noise criteria curves - answer variable consolidated into a set of noise criteria curves relating frequency in 8 octave bands to noise level --concert halls, opera houses, recording studios = 15-20 db --bedrooms, apartments, hospitals = 20-30 db --private offices, small conference rooms = 30-35 db --large offices, retail stores, restaurants = 35-40 db --lobbies, drafting rooms, lab work spaces = 40-45 db --kitchens, computer rooms, light maintenance shops = 45-50 db background noise - answer NOISE CRITERIA CURVES can be used to specify the max. amount of this in order to establish a min. amount of noise desired to help mask sounds, and to evaluate an existing condition sound absorption - answer used to control unwanted sound reflections (noise), improve speech privacy, and decrease/increase reverberation coefficient of absorption - answer the ratio of the sound intensity absorbed by the material to the total intensity reaching the material --max. absorption possible is 1 --generally a material with a coefficient below 0.2 is considered to be REFLECTIVE and one with a coefficient above 0.2 is considered sound ABSORBING noise reduction coefficient of materials - answer -vinyl tile on concrete = .05 -wood strip flooring = .10 -carpet, 1/2" pile on concrete = .50 -gypsum walls = .05 -1" fiberglass wall panel with fabric cover = .80 -plywood paneling = .15 -5/8" suspended acoustical ceiling tile = .60 1" suspended acoustical tile = .90 noise reduction within a space: rules of thumb - answer --avoid designing rooms with hard reflective surfaces on the walls, floors, and ceiling (space will be too "live" and noisy) ----- average absorption coefficient of a room should be AT LEAST .20 (average of .50 is usually NOT desirable, nor economically justified) --each doubling of the amount of absorption in a room results in a noise reduction only 3db (HARDLY NOTICEABLE) 5 important factors to achieve speech privacy in an open-plan office - answer 1. ceiling must be highly absorptive ("clear sky" condition = sounds not reflected) 2. area must include space dividers that reduce the transmission of sound 3. other surfaces, such as the floor, furniture, windows, and light fixtures, must be designed or arranged to minimize sound reflections 4. if possible, activities should be distanced to take advantage of the normal attenuation of sound with distance 5. area should have a properly designed background masking system impact noise - answer sound resulting from direct contact of an object with a sound barrier, can occur on any surface, but it generally occurs on a floor and ceiling assembly --usually caused by footfall, shuffled furniture, and dropped objects impact insulation class (IIC) - answer single number rating of a floor/ceiling's impact sound performance --value can be increased MOST EASILY by adding carpet -----also improved by providing a resiliently suspended ceiling below, floating a finished floor on resilient pads over the structural floor, or providing sound-absorbing material (insulation) in the air space between the floor and the finished ceiling above planning concepts in regard to noise - answer 1. plan similar use areas next to each other 2. use buffer spaces such as closets and hallways to separate noise-producing spaces whenever possible 3. stagger doorways in halls and other areas to avoid providing a straight line path for noise 4. locate furniture and other potential noise-producing objects away from the wall that is separating spaces 5. minimize area of the common wall between the 2 rooms where a reduction in sound transmission is desired 6. avoid room shapes that reflect or focus sound noise reduction coefficient (NRC) - answer single number rating of the average sound absorption of a material over a limited frequency range --range from 0 to 1.0, where acoustical ceiling tiles are usually a .65-.90 *.85 or higher is recommended in open-plan offices (for ceiling tiles) speech range absorption (SRA) - answer rating more closely represents frequencies of speech and may be BETTER rating to use in evaluating and selecting CEILING tiles SPECIFICALLY ceiling attentuation class (CAC) - answer single number measure of the transmission loss through CEILING TILES between 2 closed rooms where there is NO wall or other barrier ABOVE the suspended ceiling --most acoustical ceiling tiles have ratings between 30-35db (improved by using composite tiles with gypsum wallboard backing) 2 methods used to measure speech privacy in open offices - answer 1. articulation class: how effective a CEILING is in absorbing sound reaching it from over LOW PARTITIONS (uses 9' high ceiling and 60" high partitions) 2. articulation index: measures the performance of ALL the elements of a particular CONFIGURATION working TOGETHER, including ceiling absorption, space dividers, furniture, light fixtures, partitions, background masking systems, and HVAC sound --all predicts the intelligibility of speech for a group of talkers and listeners --rating between 0 and 1 (1 = no privacy) --confidential speech = below .05 --normal speech: between .05 and .2 --UNACCEPTABLE level of privacy = .30 and ABOVE extent of direct glare problem depends on what? - answer 1. brightness of the source 2. its position 3. the background illumination 4. the adaptation of the eye to the environment critical zone for direct glare - answer area above 45 degrees from the light source reflected glare - answer occurs when a light source is reflected from a viewed surface into the eye veiling reflection - answer reflected glare interferes with the viewing task --caused by a complex interaction of a light source and brightness, position of the task, reflectivity of the task, and position of the eye --to correct: move either the task or light source so as to change the relationship OR provide general background illumination AND specific task lighting that can be moved easily how to fix reflected glare - answer decrease the contact between the task and its background brightness rations - answer -3:1 = between task and IMMEDIATE backgrounds -5:1 = between the task and NEARBY general surroundings -10:1 = between task and more REMOTE surroundings light quality factors - answer 1. direct glare 2. reflected glare 3. contrast 4. uniformity 5. color 6. efficacy (ability to produce a desired/intended result; how well a light source produces visible light) HID: mercury-vapor - answer electric arc passed through high-pressure mercury vapor --for improved color rendition, various phosphors can be applied to the inside of the lamp to produce more light in the yellow & red bands (usually primarily shows light in the blue-green band) --*long lamp life but POOR COLOR RENDERING ***generally limited to outdoor lighting and industrial applications such as warehouses HID: Metal Halide - answer similar to mercury except halides of METALS are added to arc tube --increase efficacy and improves color rendition but DECREASES lamp life --***provide best combo of features of HID lamps (color rendering indexes between 60 and 90), high efficacy, and relatively long lamp life) DISADVANTAGE: experience a large shift in color temperature over their life HID: Ceramic Metal Halide (CMH) - answer uses a ceramic arc tube rather than a quartz tube, which allows the lamp to burn at a higher temperature, improving color rendition and light control --efficacy better than metal halide, and there is better color consistency over lamp's lifetime --**useful in high ceiling spaces where long life and high efficacy are desirable and in retail uses where point source control and excellent CRI are needed DISADVANTAGE: higher initial cost, difficult in dimming, and requirement of a ballast HID: high pressure sodium (HPS) - answer produce light by passing an electric arc through hot sodium vapor --arc tube must be made with a special ceramic material to resist attack by a hot sodium --***among the most EFFICIENT lamps available --extremely long life, improved color (up to 70CRI) HID lamps - answer --require time to restart after being shut off or in case of power failure LED - answer semiconductor device that uses solid-state electronics to create light --advantages: brightness, long life, and low power consumption --produce no heat and can be directly controlled by a digital interface __disadvantage: LOWER efficacy and high cost circuiting - answer -many lights connected to a dimmer must be on their own circuit -incandescents should be on a different circuit than fluorescents (120v vs. 277v) daylighting depth - answer approximately 2 1/2 times the height of the head of the window daylight factor - answer expressed as a %, is the ratio of the indoor illuminance at a point on a horizontal surface to the unobstructed exterior horizontal illuminance --direct sunlight EXCLUDED --range from about 1.5% to 4% MSDS - answer DO -contain name & address of manufacturer; identification of substance, including trade name; physical data, fire & explosion data; info on toxicity; health effects, first aid for exposure, reactivity with other substances, storage and disposal, conditions to avoid, spill and lead procedures and protective equipment required, if any DO NOT -describe potential LONG TERM effects of a chemical product and are not available for most of the finish materials used by interior designers (consult EPA) detailing serves to meet 1 of 3 objectives - answer 1. must resolve how to physically connect the various components of a design 2. solves functional problems 3. way to enhance the design intent of the project and contribute to the overall look/style of the project design process of developing/reviewing a detail is a way of satisfying the requirements of 4 categories, what are they? - answer 1. design intent 2. constraints 3. function 4. constructability (can't do this one until the other 3 are accomplished) process of developing a detail: design intent - answer approach the designer and owner decide to take to satisfy the program requirements and specific needs arising from the requirements --also includes overall appearance the owner and interior designer are striving for --basic starting point for developing and reviewing a detail --aspects: 1. should contribute to overall design concept and 2. resolve problems of connection or transition process of developing a detail: constraints - answer given conditions within which a detail must perform and over which the designer has little or no control --i.e. code requirements, substrates, costs, labor costs, industry standards, material availability, climate, labor & construction practices process of developing a detail: function - answer includes requirements the detail must meet based on the basic purpose of the detail perceptual constancy - answer regardless of constant changes, light changes, or other factors, a person perceives an object or a space as essentially the same regardless of the exact image on the retina of the eye perceptual: shape constancy - answer people perceive objects as having their original shape regardless of a change in ORIENTATION of the object or the point of view of the observer --why? because of people's memory and the brain takes into account depth of an object perceptual: size constancy - answer people tend to perceive an object as having the same size regardless of the changes in viewing distance to the object --why? people's memories of how large certain objects are and take into account their distance from the object perceptual: lightness constancy - answer people perceive the lightness or darkness of the illumination of the space in which the object is viewed perceptual: color constancy - answer people perceive the color of an object the same regardless of the lighting conditions under which the object is viewed depth perception: binocular disparity - answer difference in what each eye sees (most prevalent under distances about 10') depth perception: interposition - answer a distant object may appear to be OVERLAPPED and partly HIDDEN by a closer object depth perception: linear perspective - answer parallel lines will appear to recede toward a single point in the distance depth perception: atmospheric perspective - answer because there are small particles in the air, the more distant objects appear to be hazy and may even change color depth perception: texture perspective - answer density of a texture seems to increase as the distance from the viewer increases depth perception: size clues - answer when 2 objects are the same size, the more distant one will make a smaller image on the retina than the closer one depth perception: relative closeness of object to the horizon line - answer for objects below the horizon line (or on the ground), the closer objects are to the horizon line, the further away they are --for objects above the horizon line (i.e. the sky), the same holds true, but the more distant objects are lower in the visual field than the close objects social and cultural belief influences - answer -political conditions: prevailing political attitudes and policies may affect design -economic conditions: state of economy often reflected in architecture & design -cultural attitudes: views of family, shared values, religion, fashion, leisure pursuits, sports, etc. -symbolism: physical environment holds a great deal of symbolism for people -regionalism: design that reflects the local geographic area Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - answer according to theory, humans have a variety of needs, which Maslow divided into 2 groups: 1. deficiency needs & 2. growth needs --the most basic needs must be met first before the person can move to the next highest level of needs satisfaction --meeting needs and moving to the next level proves motivation for behavior Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Deficiency Needs Levels - answer 1. basic needs: food, water, minimal body comforts 2. safety needs: protection, avoidance of personal harm 3. belonging and love needs 4. Self Esteem (i.e. achieve, be competent, and gain approval and recognition by others) Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: Growth Needs - answer i.e. self-actualization (developing to one's fullest potential as a human being, feeling appreciation of life & demonstrating the ability to peak experiences) also: cognitive need to know & understand and aesthetic need for order and beauty behavior settings - answer a particular place with definable boundaries and objects in which a standing pattern of behavior occurs at a particular time --useful concept for studying effects of the environment on human activity --behavior meeting (i.e. weekly meeting in conference room), useful for interior designers because it connects the strictly behavioral aspects of human activity with the effects of the physical environment on people behavior settings: territoriality - answer fundamental aspect of human behavior and refers to people's need to lay CLAIM to spaces they OCCUPY and the things they own --more related to the need of self-identity and freedom of choice ... than... for protection behavior settings: proxemics - answer created by anthropologist Edward T. Hall to describe the interrelated observations and theories about how people use space as specialized elaboration of culture --deals with issues of SPACING between people, territoriality, organization of space and positioning of people in space, all relative to the CULTURE in which they are a part of --study of PERSONAL space needs & the application of that knowledge to actual space planning behavior settings: proxemics distances - answer -intimate (6-18") -personal (18"-48") --clearly distinguished by planar and volumetric forms and can be geometric (like a square, circle, or cylinder), irregular, or natural --*can convey powerful, symbolic or emotional qualities; i.e. cross, apple, etc. scale - answer relative size of something as related to another element of KNOWN size proportion - answer relationship of parts of a composition to EACH OTHER and to the whole --*even though human scale IS IMPORTANT for interior design, decisions are often made based on the scale relationships between 2 or more NONHUMAN objects --decisions usually made by "eye" color - answer one of the most DOMINANT perceptions of the physical world and 1 of the most POWERFUL tools for interior design Additive colors - answer colors created with light --when all colors of light are present in equal amounts, we perceive white light subtractive colors - answer color of an object is conveyed by the color of the light the object absorbs and the amount of light reflects to the eye --colors created with pigments --when all the colors of a pigment are present in equal amounts, the viewer perceives no color or black 3 primary colors of LIGHT - answer red, green, and blue 3 primary colors of PIGMENT - answer yellow, red, and blue **pigments used in printing = yellow, magenta and cyan Brewster color wheel (prang) - answer organizes color pigments into 3 primary colors of red, blue, and yellow & primary colors are mixed in equal amounts, producing secondary colors -primary and secondary colors then mix to create tertiary colors Munsell Color System - answer defines color more accurately than the color wheel and uses 3 scales in 3d to specify the values of hue, value, and chroma (intensity) --value represented by scale at the hub of the circle --chroma is represented on a scale extending outward toward the value axis effect of color: complementary colors - answer --reinforce each other (high contrast) --when 2 complementary colors are seen adjacent to eachother, each appears to heighten each other's saturation --when used together in a scheme, large areas of color are generally a low chroma (more gray) and are a tint or shade of the color while smaller areas/accents have a higher chroma --when 2 NONcomplementary colors are placed together, each appear to tint the other with its own complement (result: 2 colors will seem farther apart on the color wheel than they really are) effect of color: primary colors - answer tend to appear tinted with the 3rd primary effect of color: color placed against a dark background - answer appear lighter than it is, while a color against a lighter background will appear darker than it actually is --background color will absorb the same color in a second, noncomplementary color placed over it (i.e. orange on red background will appear more yellow) effect of color: neutral gray - answer appear warm when placed on a blue background and cool when placed on a red background effect on color on SPACIAL perception - answer -bright warm colors: tend to make an object appear LARGER -dark color: make an object look SMALLER and HEAVIER -light, neutral color: extend the apparent space of a room while dark values make a space feel closed in -warm colors advance, cool colors recede split complementary - answer a color on 1 side of the color wheel is used with 2 hues that lie on either side of the complementary color double complementary - answer 4 hues used; a pair on either side of 2 complements --one color should be dominant and used at lower levels of chroma texture - answer surface quality of a material --results from inherent structure of the material or from application of some type of coating over the material --perception of texture closely tied to the texture's visual qualities, the relationship of the texture with surrounding textures, the viewing distance, and the lighting --affected by scale relationships to nearby textures --changes based on viewing distance --light alters apparent texture (diffuse and strong, direct wash out texture) -texture: adds interest to a space, reinforces design concepts, helps differentiate objects & surfaces from each other, modulates light, and adds scale light source as design element - answer can be a point, plane, line or volume and can have qualities of brightness and color proportion: Golden Ratio - answer a single line is divided into 2 unequal segments such that the ratio of the smaller part is to the larger part as the larger part is to the whole -designated by greek letter, phi or approximately 1.61 proportion: Fibonacci series - answer a sequence of numbers beginning with 0 and 1, where each successive number in the series is the sum of the previous 2 --when any number is divided by the previous term, the quotient approximates the golden ratio; as the numbers get larger, the quotient gets closer to the value of the golden ratio proportion: modular system - answer -developed by Le Corbusier, it is loosely based on the golden section but uses the HUMAN BODY as the starting point --system begins by dividing the height of a man, about 6', at the waistline or navel --another proportion is developed by the distance from the top of the head to the fingertips when the arm is naturally raised above the head --distance from the bottom of the feet to the navel is equal to the distance from the naval to the raised hand DIVIDED by the dimension from the top of the head to the raised hand = GOLDEN SECTION definition of programming - answer process during which information about a problem is collected, analyzed, and clearly stated to provide a BASIS for design --DEFINES problem before a solution is attempted --problem ANALYSIS ***--includes: stating the client's goals & objectives, analyzing the existing building, aesthetic considerations, space needs, adjacency requirements, organizing concepts, code review, budget requirements, and schedule requirements 5 step programming process - answer 1. establishing goals (what does the client want?) 2. collecting & analyzing facts (describe existing conditions and requirements of the problem; i.e. space adjacency, equipment needed, expected growth rate, etc.) 3. uncovering & testing concepts (ABSTRACT ideas that are functional solutions to the client's performance problems, without defining the physical means that could be used to solve them) 4. Determine needs (balance desires of the client against the available budget or establishes a budget based on defined goals & needs) 5. Stating the problem (the bridge between programming and the design process) programmatic concept - answer PERFORMANCE requirement related to methods of solving a problem or satisfying a need --developed ideas about how to view & solve client's PERFORMANCE problems 4 major considerations during programming - answer 1. form (relates to existing conditions of the space, the physical & psychological environment of the interior, and the quality of construction) 2. function (relates to people using the space, the activities to be performed there, and the relationship of spaces to eachother) 3. economy (concerns money) 4. time (describes ideas of the past, present, and future as they affect the three other areas) flexiblity - answer 1. expandability (accommodate growth) 2. convertability (allow for changes in function) 3. versatility (different activities with multifunctional spaces) programming document includes: - answer 1. statement of goals & objectives 2. list of client requirements 3. list of spaces & their square footages human factors: anthropometrics - answer measurement of the size, proportions, and range of motion of the human body --established for various population groups & ages, as well as by sex, and include percentile distributions showing what percentage of the population falls within the various measurement limits human factors: ergonomics - answer study of the relation between human physiology and the physical environment --uses info developed by ANTHROPOMETRICS, but goes FURTHER by studying exactly how humans interact with PHYSICAL OBJECTS, such as chairs, control panels, desks, etc. how much space between chair and wall? - answer 30" how much space O.C. between two chairs next to each other - answer 30" how much space for each chair/person sitting? - answer 24" thoracic support - answer contoured backrest adjusts up & down, forward & backward, remains in constant contact with user's back regardless of tilt angle lumbar support - answer seat's contoured sides support pelvic rotation as the user moves backward and forward, regardless of tilt angle of the seat foam construction - answer not too soft; firm enough to cushion and support body field survey - answer acquiring thorough understanding and documentation of space in which a project willbe located; can be field measured & photographed & special onside conditions can be noted **part of the interior designer's due diligence site investigation orthographic projection - answer view of an object seen as though the viewer's line of sight were simultaneously perpendicular to every point on the nearest face of the object (i.e. elevation, floor plan, etc.) --all pieces are shown in their true relationships with other pieces & scale and proportion are the same for multiple views of the same object --no distortion for lines & planes parallel to the plane onto which view is projected --diagonal line/plane shown will be FORESHORTENED axonometric drawings - answer view of an object inclined to the picture plane in such a way that the 3 principle axes are FORESHORTENED; quick & easy to draw; drawn by omitting parts of room --isometric: object is tilted/oblique to picture plane; 3 principle axes of object make EQUAL angles with the picture plane or drawing surface ------result: vertical axis of an object is vertical on paper and 2 horizontal axes form angles of 30 degrees on paper; lengths of all 3 principle axes are drawn at the same scale --dimetric: 2 of the principle axes are foreshortened --trimetric: all three of the principle axes are foreshortened oblique drawings - answer a 3d view of an object where 1 plane of an object is parallel to the picture plane while a 3rd axis is oblique to the picture plane --shows 1 plane of an object (2 dimensions) in TRUE SHAPE and scale, with the 3rd dimension indicated by lines at a fixed angle to the true plane --advantages: existing ORTHOGRAPHIC floor plan can be used as the starting point without any redrawing; just tilt the plan at any desired angle --3rd dimension is created by projecting vertical lines (and drawn at 1/2-3/4 of the scale of the true plan) perspective drawings - answer *give most accurate 2d representation of the 3d world because they use the principle of convergence, which is the apparent diminishing size of objects as they get farther from the eye -1 point perspective: when point of view is perpendicular to 1 of the planes of the object -2 point perspective: created when the point of view is at a normal eye level and is not perpendicular to any plane of the object presentation models - answer very detailed and accurately represent the furniture, details, colors, and finishes --most often used for FINAL, formal client presentations and usually made by a professional model builder study/working models - answer rough models used by the designer as an aid to understanding the 3d aspects of space and constructed in a variety of ways, depending on the needs of the designer and the time & budget available --may be constructed of inexpensive chipboard, foam-core board, illustration board, etc. --usually 1/4" or 1/2" scale mockups - answer full size representations of a portion of a design --can be made of small elements, sch as furniture or entire rooms --good way to communicate to client how something will look that has not yet been build --can be constructed in a wide variety of ways; i.e. corrugated cardboard) --more refined models may be made of sturdier materials if it must be transported, used for a long time, or used for rigorous testing or even built as the actual construction program document - answer -title page -intro -executive summary (optional) -goal & objectives of report (optional) -summary of space needs -space adjacency -code requirements -analysis of existing space -budget and schedule requirements -programming concepts -appendices (optional) **for client's approval design development phase - answer exact dimensions of floor plan set, specific products and materials have been selected, furniture selection is finalized, and for more products, exact colors and finishes have to be determined site analysis - answer investigation and evaluation of conditions within which the project will be completed --**form of DUE DILIGENCE in that the designer can only competently design the interior space after knowing the context of the project blinds: louvered shutters - answer rigid panels, usually of wood, that are hinged so they can be opened or closed --individual panels have thin, adjustable, horizontal louvers to control view and light blinds: plantation shutters - answer much wider louvers soft coverings: drapery - answer *1 of the most common types --any loosely hung fabric that covers the window --fabric attached to a traverse rod that allows it to be drawn open and closed, but many styles of hanging are possible, including fixed, tie back, and loose-hung swags **pick drapery according to flammability first, over durability, fading resistance, and style fixed coverings: curtains - answer use fabric, usually hung within a window frame and close to the glass --not intended to be open, but meant to remain fixed across all or portion of the window grilles - answer used to modify a strong light or minimize an undesirable view while still providing some visual connection between the inside and the outside --can be fixed or moveable jalousie window - answer consists of individual horizontal pieces of glass, about 3-4" wide that all pivot outward at once for ventilation --when closed, the lower edge of each piece of glass overlaps the piece below it to prevent water from entering --impossible to get a good seal on the joints between the windows and the single panes of glass, therefore; seldom used Green Format - answer web-based database developed by the CSI to allow manufacturers to self- report sustainability properties of their products using a standard questionnaire format Collaborative for High Performance Schools - answer national organization that publishes several best practice manuals, holds training seminars, and maintains a list of low-emitting materials meeting the criteria of California's Section 01350, governing indoor air quality in buildings Green Building Initiative/Green Globes - answer green building guidance and assessment program that promote environmentally sustainable practices Forest Stewardship Council - answer an international organization that oversees the development of national and regional standards based on basic forest management principles and criteria Greenguard - answer non-profit, industry independent organization that oversees a certification program that tests indoor products for emissions to ensure they meet acceptable IAQ pollutant standards --types of products: building materials, furnishings, furniture, cleaning and maintenance supplies, electronic equipment, and personal care products Green Label Plus - answer for carpets and rug Green Seal - answer promotes environmentally responsible production, purchasing, and products Floor Score - answer for resilient flooring building commissioning - answer process of inspecting, testing, starting up, and adjusting a building system and then verifying and documenting that they are operating as intended to meet design criteria of contract documents --done by others not involved in the project how to determine square footage (3 ways) - answer 1. multiply area 1 person needs by total number of people in same area OR based on something that is directly related to the occupancy rather than the # of people (i.e. restaurant kitchen is a percentage of the size of the dining space) 2. by the size of an object or equipment 3. defined through a built-in set of rules or customs related to the activity itself linear workflow - answer work well in long, narrow space or space where line can be folded --work or business process proceeds from one location to another in a strict sequence centralized workflow - answer work is controlled from 1 central position departmental workflow - answer hierarchical, typically 1 group controlled work divided into separate departments --work in irregularly shaped building or spread among several floors network workflow - answer no strictly organized method design concepts - answer takes into account existing space within which the designer must work, its size, shape, entry points, windows, and other fixed elements open plan arrangement - answer no space defining partitions within the existing limits of the building --only furniture and accessories --cannot be used by itself because there are usually spaces that must be enclosed for security, privacy, light control, acoustical separation, etc. organization concept: axial - answer has 2 or more major linear segments or axes, about which spaces or rooms are placed --may be additional, secondary paths growing out of primary axes and primary axes may be at right angles to each other or at some other angle --usually has a featured termination at 1 or more ends of axes or axes are major design element in themselves organization concept: grid - answer consists of 2 sets of spaced elements --may be regularly spaced and perpendicular to eachother, or irregularly spaces and at angles to each other --because this organization concept is usually defined by circulation paths, it is more appropriate for very large spaces or in buildings where a great deal of circulation is required organization concept: central - answer based on 1 space or point about which secondary elements are placed --usually very formal method of organizing interiors and inherently places primary emphasis on the central space organization concept: radial - answer when more than 1 linear organization extends from a central point circulation patterns: dumb bell layout - answer simplest and 1 of the most flexible circulation path patterns --spaces laid out along a straight path that connects 2 major elements at the end - usually an entrance to the space or groups of rooms at one end and an exit or other access point at the other circulation patterns: doughnut - answer provides a double loaded corridor and automatically makes a continuous exit, so that if 2 exits are required by building codes, they are always available --entries, doorways, and exits can be located anywhere along the path --pattern only appropriate for larger groups of spaces because the ratio of circulation area to usable area should be kept as low as possible circulation patterns: radial layout - answer oriented on 1 major space with paths extending from a central area --generally used when there is a major space that serves as a focal point for secondary spaces, such as a hotel lobby