NCLEX-PN Study Guide latest 2023, Exams of Nursing

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NCLEX-PN Study Guide latest 2023 serum electrolyte a blood test that measures the main electrolytes in the body: sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus sodium 135-145 mEq/L potassium 3.5-5.5 mEq/L calcium 8.5-10.9 mg/L chloride 95-105 mEq/L magnesium 1.5-2.5 mEq/L phosphorus 2.5-4.5 mg/dL Hematology STUDY OF BLOOD: RBC, WBC, Plt, Hgb RBC 4.5-5.0 million NCLEX-PN Study Guide latest 2023 WBC 5,000-10,000 Plt (platelet count) 200,000-400,000 Hgb (hemoglobin) women 12-16 gms Hgb (hemoglobin) men 14-18 gms ABG values arterial blood gas HCO3 24-26 mEq/L CO2 35-45 mEq/L PaO2 80%-100% SaO2 >95% Glucose 70-110 mg/dL NCLEX-PN Study Guide latest 2023 maternity normals FHR (fetal heart rate) variability 120-160 BPM with 6-10 BPM normal frequency contractions 2-5 min apart normal duration contractions <90 second intensity of contractions <100 mm/hg amniotic fluid 500-1200 ml (nitrozine urine-litmus paper green/amniotic fluid litmus paper blue) Apgar Scoring A-appearance P-pulses G-grimace A-activity R-reflexes done at 1 and 5 min with a score of 0 for absent, 1 for decreased, and 2 for strongly positive AVA the umbilical cord has two arteries and one vein (arteries carry deoxygenated blood. The vein carries oxygenated blood) NCLEX-PN Study Guide latest 2023 FAB 9-Folic acid=B9 (B stands for brain) decrease the incidence of neural tube defects the client should be taking B9 three months prior to becoming pregnant abnormalities in the laboring obstetric client decelerations are abnormal findings on the fetal monitoring strip decelerations are classified by: early decelerations, variable decelerations, and late decelerations early decelerations begin prior to the peak of the contraction and end by the end of the contraction. they are caused by head compression. there is no need for intervention if the variability is within normal range (that is, there is a rapid return to the baseline fetal heart rate) and the fetal heart rate is within normal range variable decelerations are noted as V-shaped on the monitoring strip. variable decelerations can occur anytime during monitoring the fetus. they are caused by cord compression. the intervention is to change the mothers position; if pitocin is infusing, stop the infusion; apply oxygen; and increase the rate of IV fluids. contact the doctor is the problem persists NCLEX-PN Study Guide latest 2023 late decelerations occur after the peak of the contraction and mirror the contraction in length and intensity. these are caused by uteroplacental insufficiency. the intervention is to change the mother's position; if pitocin is infusing, stop the infusion; apply oxygen; and increase the rate of IV fluids. contact the doctor is the problem persists TORCHS syndrome in the neonate this is a combination of diseases. these include toxoplasmosis, rubella (German measles), cytomegalovirus, herpes, and syphyllis. pregnant nurses should not be assigned to care for the client with toxoplasmosis or cytomegalovirus STOP this is the treatment for maternal hypotension after an epidural anesthesia 1. stop pitocin if infusing 2. turn the client on the left side 3. adminster oxygen 4. if hypovolemia is present, push IV fluids anticoagulant therapy and monitoring: coumadin (sodium wararin) and heparin/lovenox/dalteparin Coumadin (sodium warfarin) PT 10-12 seconds control NCLEX-PN Study Guide latest 2023 Jehovahs Witness no blood products should be used Hindu no beef or items containing gelatin Jewish special dietary restrictions, use of kosher foods Renal diet high calorie, high carbohydrate, low protein, low potassium, low sodium, and fluid restricted to intake=output + 500 ml Gout diet low purine; omit poultry ("cold chicken") medication for acute episodes: Colchicine; maintenance medication: Zyloprim Heart Healthy Diet low fat (less than 30% of calories should be from fat) ROME respiratory opposite/metabolic equal-a quick way of remembering that in respiratory acid/base disorders the pH is opposite to the other components. For example, in respiratory acidosis, the pH is below normal and the CO2 is elevated, as is the HCO3 (respiratory opposite). In metabolic disorders, the components of the lab values are the same. An example of this is metabolic acidosis. in metabolic NCLEX-PN Study Guide latest 2023 acidosis, the pH is below normal and the COs is decreased, as is the HCO3. This is true in a compensated situation. pH down, CO2 up, and HCO3 up= respiratory acidosis Ph down, CO2 down, and HCO3 down = metabolic acidosis pH up, CO2 down, and HCO3 down= respiratory alkalosis pH up, CO2 up, and HCO3 up= metabolic alkalosis Addisons versus Cushings diseases of the endocrine system involving either overproduction or inadequate production of cortisol treatment of Addisons increase sodium intake; medications include cortisone preparation treatment of Cushings restrict sodium; observe for signs of infection NCLEX-PN Study Guide latest 2023 treatment for spider bites/bleeding RICE- rest, ice, compression, and elevate extremity treatment for sickle cell crises HHOP-heat, hydration, oxygen, pain medications Five Ps of fractures and compartment syndrome pain, pallor, pulselessness, paresthesia, polar (cold) hip fractures commonly hemorrhage, whereas femur fractures are at risk for fat emboli profile of gallbladder disease fair, fat, forty, five pregnancies, flatulent (can occur in all ages and both sexes) tort A breach of some obligation causing harm or injury to someone ; a civil wrong, such as negligence or libel negligence Careless neglect, often resulting in injury malpractice -if a professional violates her or his duty of care toward a client, the professional may be sued for this NCLEX-PN Study Guide latest 2023 angiotensin receptor blocker drugs valsartan (diovan), candesartan (altacand), losartan (cozaar), telmisartan (micardis) histamine 2 antagonist drugs cimetidine (tagamet), famotidine (pepcid), nizatidine (axid), rantidine (zantac) proton pump inhibitors esomeprazole (nexium), lansoprazole (prevacid), pantoprazole (protonix), rabeprazole (AciPhex) anticoagulant drugs heparin sodium (hepalean), enoxaparin sodium (lovenox), dalteparin sodium (fragmin) drug schedule I research use only (example LSD) drug schedule II requires a written prescription (example Ritalin) drug schedule III requires a new prescription after six months or five refills (example codeine) drug schedule IV requires a new prescription after six months (example Darvon) NCLEX-PN Study Guide latest 2023 drug schedule V dispensed as any other prescription or without prescription if state law allows (example antitussives) antacids reduce hydrochloric acid in the stomach antianemics increase red blood cell production anticholenergics decrease oral secretions anticoagulants prevent clot formation anticonvulsants used for management of seizures/bipolar disorder antidiarrheals decrease gastric motility and reduce water in bowel antihistamines block the release of histamamine antihypertensives lower blood pressure and increase blood flow NCLEX-PN Study Guide latest 2023 anti-infectives used for the treatment of infections bronchodilators dilate large air passages in asthma/lung disease diuretics decrease water/sodium from the Loop of Henle laxatives promote the passage of stool miotics constrict the pupils mydriatics dilate the pupils narcotics/analgesics relieve moderate to severe pain management and delegation 1 delegate sterile skills such as dressing changes o the RN or LPN. where nonskilled care is required, you can delegate the stable client to the nursing assistant. choose the most critical client to assign to the RN, such as the client who has recently returned from chest surgery. clients who are being discharged should have final assessments done by the RN