Understanding the Nervous System: Neurons, Ion Gradients, Synapses, and Neurotransmitters, Slides of Biology

Download Understanding the Nervous System: Neurons, Ion Gradients, Synapses, and Neurotransmitters and more Slides Biology in PDF only on Docsity! Topics for the Nervous System • The Cells: neurons and glia • Resting potential of neurons: ion pumps and channels • Signal conduction: action potentials • Synapses: communication with other cells • The Vertebrate Nervous System Docsity.com Dendrites Cell body Signal direction Preeynantic cell Myelin sheath terminals Postsynaptic cell Copyright© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. Docsity.com Topics for the Nervous System • The Cells: neurons and glia • Resting potential of neurons: ion pumps and channels • Signal conduction: action potentials • Synapses: communication with other cells • The Vertebrate Nervous System Docsity.com Electrical Signaling • Nerve impulses move electrically and chemically using ion movements through neurons and between neurons. Docsity.com Neuron ionic gradients - Fig. 48.10 CYTOSOL [Na*] 15mmM [K*] 150 mM [cr] 10 mM [A7] 100 mM ght © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. Topics for the Nervous System • The Cells: neurons and glia • Resting potential of neurons: ion pumps and channels • Signal conduction: action potentials • Synapses: communication with other cells • The Vertebrate Nervous System Docsity.com Graded Action Potential - Fig. 48.12 potential Hyperpolarizations (a) Graded potential hyperpolarization (b) Graded potential depolarization (c) Action potential Copyright© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. e Docsity.com Outside —— cell Plasma membrane Inside cell ORI ‘Copyright @ Pearson Education, Ine., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. e Docsity.com  eo Depolarization phase CeCe secu PUR eeie ree te Activation jate Onarr ' Potassium Outside —— channel cell Plasma - membrane Inside cell ORWEZO ‘Copyright @ Pearson Education, Ine., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Docsity.com  oe Depolarization phase AE CCl ecu of the action potential Activation jate Potassium channel ° ° otra ‘Copyright @ Pearson Education, Ine., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Docsity.com  Dendrites Cell body Axon Collect Contains Passes electrical signals electrical nucleus and on to dendrites of another signals organelles cell or to an effector cell Docsity.com Schwann cell Depolarized region (node of Ranvier) ‘Copyright @ Pearson Education, Ine., publishing as Benjamin Cummings. Docsity.com Topics for the Nervous System • The Cells: neurons and glia • Resting potential of neurons: ion pumps and channels • Signal conduction: action potentials • Synapses: communication with other cells • The Vertebrate Nervous System Docsity.com Synaptic terminal - fig. 48.16 Postsynaptic _ Synaptic neuron terminals of pre- synaptic neurons Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. Docsity.com Topics for the Nervous System • The Cells: neurons and glia • Resting potential of neurons: ion pumps and channels • Signal conduction: action potentials • Synapses: communication with other cells • The Vertebrate Nervous System Docsity.com Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems (Fig. 48.19, 21) Central nervous Peripheral nervous system (CNS) system (PNS) Ganglia outside GZ — ~ nerves Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All APRGSMYeGOM Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems (Fig. 48.19, 21) go> @ e : ‘© 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved. Docsity.com Acetylcholine Docsity.com Examples of Plant Toxins mimicking neurotransmitters: A.Acetylcholine - released by neurons in the brain and peripheral nervous system - stimulates skeletal muscle contractions but slows heart rate - it is synthesized within the transmitting neuron, broken down after use. Atropine and Scopolamine block transmission, mimics relaxant effect; Nicotine mimics stimulant effect B. Norepinephrine - same action as acetylcholine but is reabsorbed, reused. Reserpine depletes it, Cocaine prevents its reabsorption, Mescaline and other psychedelics mimic it. C. Serotonin – released by neurons in the brain - controls body temperature, sensory perception and sleep, caapi and DMT affect brain neurons that transmit serotonin. D. Dopamine – function much like serotonin; released by neurons in the brain, affect sleep, mood, attention, and learning. Docsity.com Brugmansia Docsity.com Examples of Plant Toxins mimicking neurotransmitters: A.Acetylcholine - released by neurons in the brain and peripheral nervous system - stimulates skeletal muscle contractions but slows heart rate - it is synthesized within the transmitting neuron, broken down after use. Atropine and Scopolamine block transmission, mimics relaxant effect; Nicotine mimics stimulant effect B. Norepinephrine - same action as acetylcholine but is reabsorbed, reused. Reserpine depletes it, Cocaine prevents its reabsorption, Mescaline and other psychedelics mimic it. C. Serotonin – released by neurons in the brain - controls body temperature, sensory perception and sleep, caapi and DMT affect brain neurons that transmit serotonin. D. Dopamine – function much like serotonin; released by neurons in the brain, affect sleep, mood, attention, and learning. Docsity.com Mescaline, the most abundant alkaloid in peyote, mimics norepinephrine. Docsity.com Docsity.com Cephise nuspesez. a skipper butterfly (Hesperiidae) Janzen food-plant list Banisteriopsis muricata 25 Banisteriopsis muricata 1 Banisteriopsis muricata 2 Bunchosia biocellata 1 Bunchosia cornifolia 119 Bunchosia odorata 12 Heteropterys laurifolia 28 Heteropterys macrostachya 77 Heteropterys obovata 186 Heteropterys obovata 1 Heteropterys obovata 4 Hiraea sp. 1 111 Hiraea sp. 2 2 Hiraea fagifolia 20 Hiraea reclinata 118 Mascagnia sinemariensis 27 Tetrapterys tinifolia 17 (also several Combretaceae) a typical skipper Cephise larva Docsity.com Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) Docsity.com Et,NCO LSD-25 _Me rz HO serotonin HH Docsity.com