neurofeedback cheat sheet, Cheat Sheet of Neuroscience

Download neurofeedback cheat sheet and more Cheat Sheet Neuroscience in PDF only on Docsity! Cheat Sheet for Neurofeedback Steven Warner, Ph.D. Miami, Florida 01/2013 1 Cheat Sheet of the Brain – Synthesis for Neurofeedback Table of Contents: Page 1 - Left and Right Hemispheres, Overview Page 1 - Prefrontal Cortex Page 4 - Frontal Lobes Page 5 - C3, Cz, C4 Somatosensory strip Page 6 - Temporal Lobes Page 7 - Parietal Lobes Page 7 - Occipital Lobes Page 8 - Special Functions: Page 8 – Frontal lobes Page 9 – Sensory Motor cortex, Temporal lobes Page 10 – Parietal and Occipital lobes Page 11 – Deeper Brain Structures Page 13 - Brain Wave Frequencies: Page 13 – Gamma, Beta Page 16 – Alpha Page 18 – Theta Page 20 – Delta Page 21 - Neurofeedback Concepts: Absolute Power (21), Relative Power (21), Mean Frequency (21), Asymmetry (22), Coherence (22), Phase (23), Normative Bandwidth Distributions (24) Page 25 - Drug Effects on the EEG Page 26 - Brodmann Areas 4 Fp1 - verbal retrieval. Visual working memory, verbal analytical and approach behaviors Fp2 - Face and object processing, gestalt and context, episodic memory ( when overactive may correlate with irritability, impulsivity, tactless, manic and panic behavior) Frontal Lobes Higher executive functions Attentional gating. Decision making. Problem solving, memory, social awareness, character, motivation, planning, judgment. Frontal lobes are responsible for immediate and sustained attention, social skills, emotions, empathy, time management, working memory, moral fiber or character, executive planning and initiative. They identify problems and may send them to other parts of the brain for resolution. The brain is not just a cognitive processing organism; it is also the seat of our conscience. Emotions, morals and social self cannot be isolated to frontal lobe activities; other deeper structures are also involved. There is a relationship between the frontal lobe and the amygdala. The frontal cortex is responsible for the brains most complex processing and has the heaviest projections to the amygdala, and the two combine to form a network that is the social brain. F3 & F7 - Approach behavior, engagement, interest, mood regulation, processing of positive emotional input, conscious awareness. Frontal mirror neuron system – empathy and intention of others. F3 – judgment, planning, sustain attention, inhibition of responses, verbal episodic memory retrieval, problem solving, sequencing, deducing facts to conclusions. F7 - Creates and controls output of spoken and written language, visual and auditory working memory, selective attention Broca’s area (word retrieval, F4 & F8 - Avoidance behavior, withdrawal, impulse control (important links to the amygdala). Emotional tone variations (motor aprosodia) F4 – inductive creative, inductive emotional, metaphorical thinking, short-term retrieval of spatial- object memory, vigilance, selective and sustained attention. F8 – spatial and visual working memory, gestalt, sustained attention, conscious facial emotional processing, prosody Empathy conscience. Feeling sense of right and wrong. Emotional gating. Vigilance area. 5 semantics, verbal understanding, speech) Divided and selective attention Apprehension, disinterest Sustained and selective attention Processing of anger, rate, anxiety, fear. Regulation of aggressive and sexual impulses C3, Cz, C4 Central Strip The sensory and motor cortices run parallel to each other and are divided by the central sulcus. The two cortices combined are called the sensorimotor cortex. The sensory cortex alone is the primary somatosensory cortex or the somatosensory cortex: spatial discrimination and the ability to identify where bodily functions originate. Responsible for both the external senses of touch, temperature, pain and the internal senses of of joint position, visceral state and pain. The primary motor cortex may be called just the motor cortex - conscious control of all skeletal muscle movements. Skillful movements and smooth repetitive operations such as typing, playing musical instruments, handwriting, the operation of complex machinery and fluid speaking. It is the hub and switching station between voluntary muscles of the body and the brain. Cz – somato-sensory association cortex (? Hub of affective limbic system). Sensory-motor functions, short term memory Awareness of body, body position, body movement, co-ordination of sensory input with motor output. Gross motor activity, walking, throwing a ball Fine motor movements – pen skills, needle threading, typing, speaking. C3 – hand and digits (with F3 – handwriting and inhibit or execute action), audition, happiness, C4 – cognition of music, reasoning/decision making and emotional/feeling, and in addition, disrupts the process of basic body 6 syntax signaling, happiness & sadness The Sensorimotor cortex not only divides the anterior from the posterior, but they also serve as a junction that coordinates movement that is also in part guided by sensations. Temporal Lobes T3 & T4 Auditory Association cortex; phonetics, letters to sound, grasping the whole picture vs. sensing everything in fragments (may be dysfunctional in autism), episodic memory, emotional valence and regulation (temper). Without clear left hemisphere dominance, dyslexia and stuttering may occur. Because women have up to 30% more interhemispheric connections, they manage dyslexia better and understand interpersonal emotions better. T3, T5 (left) Wernicke’s – comprehension both verbal and reading visual perception of what an object is processing integration and perception of auditory input comprehension of auditory and visual perception (reading and word recognition) long term memory – auditory (verbal) and visual linguistic perception and comprehension “Inner voice” positive mood T4, T6 (right) – conscious emotional and physical awareness (insula), sense of direction visual memory & visualization, categorization sound voice intonation perception, music facial recognition spatial and facial perception - social cues T4-T6 Central Strip (Temporal- Parietal junction RHS – copying emotional tones, comprehension – innuendo & nuance, non-verbal memory visual perception of what an object is (object recognition) symbol recognition long Term memory emotional content (anxiety) due to proximity to amygdala and hippocampus 9 SENSORY MOTOR CORTEX C3, C4, Cz Behaviors and symptoms: Training along the SMR is implied for stroke, epilepsy, paralysis, ADHD, and disorders of sensory motor integration. Clients who have difficulty seeing the logical sequence of cognitive tasks may benefit from neurofeedback training along the LH sensory cortex (C3). Training along the RH sensorimotor cortex (C4) may invoke feelings, emotions or calmness. Temporal Lobes If “hot” avoid training initially due to issues of reactivity (sensitivity to external or internal input, emotion) Behaviors and symptoms: Left mid-temporal zone problems could reflect difficulties in keeping up a conversation. Right temporal lobe problems may reflect inability to recognize intricate rhythmic melodies; appreciation for music. Mid-temporal extending into the hippocampal lobes ...episodic memory, such as functional tasks; remembering to pay the bills, fill the gas tank, where the keys are, how to play baseball, where glasses, etc. Because of the temporal lobes proximity to the amygdala, it could result in angry or aggressive behavior. EEG slowing in the temporal lobes is often associated with concussions since head injuries, regardless of the site of the impact, often involve scraping of the temporal lobes along the inner part of the sharp, bony, middle fossa. Problems with temporal lobe slowing are the most common type of EEG abnormality......major pathology changes in aging, anoxic conditions, head injury, and many other etiologies found in the temporal lobe, especially in the depth of this lobe the amygdala and hippocampus. 10 Cerebral Blood Flow in the temporal lobes (especially R) for subjects with anxiety and panic disorder. Mild anxiety increases CBF; severe anxiety reduces CBF values and cerebral metabolism. Parietal Lobes Behaviors and symptoms: Clients may have more car accidents because they cannot attend to both sides of the visual field. May have difficulty playing computer games which require a left to right scanning process. Draw pictures and the left of the picture seems to have something missing...may be a deficit in right parietal lobe. Difficulty following directions to the office, failure to recognize a simple tune, can’t remember faces, easily gets turned around and gets lost...then look at the parietal lobe as well as the right posterior temporal lobe. Ask client to write a few sentences. Draw a simple picture, play “ monkey see, monkey do”, do a few simple math or word problems. How well do they perform? How accurate is the picture? How difficult is it to follow hand and body movements? How easy were problems solved, or not at all? OCCIPITAL Behaviors and symptoms: Difficulty with visual memories and accurate reading require accurate vision. Traumatic memories that accompany visual flashbacks are often processed in the occipital lobes. Visual agnosia....inability to perceive and draw complete objects. Simultaneous agnosia....inability to see multiple objects at the same time. Problems with writing...cannot trace the outline of an object, or join the strokes together during writing, if they see the pencil point they lose the line, or if they see the line they can no longer see the pencil point. Difficulty coloring or other visual spatial activities. (Also consider posterior parietal lobes for visual spatial problems). Adults who have strokes or TBI Clients who have PTSD may benefit from training in the occipital lobes. There is a unique connection between the visual cortex and the 11 amygdala related to PTSD. Practitioners often place sensors on the visual cortex when doing deep states training. DEEPER BRAIN STRUCTURES - FUNCTIONS The Limbic System This is power-packed with function even though it is only about the size of a walnut. It sets emotional tone, controls motivation and drive, holds emotional memories. The female limbic system is larger relative to the size of the brain than is the male. Hypothalamus One of the busiest parts of the brain. It is mainly concerned with homeostasis. It regulates hunger, thirst, pain response, pleasure, sex drive, sleep, the ANS and thus control of the hormonal system. It activates the fight or flight system. Amygdala Provides emotional content to language, intonation, sound of voice, social emotion, guilt, shame. Detection, judgment (evaluation & magnitude) of fear, sadness (not happiness). Dysfunction shows as social disinhibition. Stores unconscious memories. Mediates depression and hostility/aggression. Hippocampus (beneath the temporal lobes) Short and long term auditory and visual (emotional) memory conscious (LH). Sound-voice intonation, memory, and spatial-facial memory (RH). Septal Nucleus This acts in conjunction with the hypothalamus and hippocampus particularly in relation to internal inhibition and the exerting of quieting and dampening influences on arousal and limbic system functioning. Cingulate Gyrus (Fpz, Fz, Cz, Pz) 14 may be present in different parts of the brain, but in other cases this may be associated with an excess of inefficient alpha activity in frontal areas that are associated with emotional control. If beta is deficient, either all over or in small areas, the brain may have insufficient energy to perform tasks at peer group standards. Beta activity is fast activity. It reflects desynchronized active brain tissue. It is usually seen on both sides in symmetrical distribution and is most evident frontally. Beta should be higher on the left than on the right. Increased beta asymmetry in the right hemisphere is indicative of anxiety. Beta hyper-coherence may indicate anxiety, panic attacks, and test anxiety. It may be absent or reduced in areas of cortical damage. It is generally regarded as a normal rhythm. It is the dominant rhythm in those who are alert or anxious or who have their eyes open. Beta fast is the state that most of brain is in when we have our eyes open and are listening and thinking during analytical problem solving, judgment, decision making, processing information about the world around us. Dominant frequency beta may indicate that there is excess norepinephrine. Increased beta alone is often indicative of withdrawal from social interaction (when theta and alpha are lower). Increased beta at Fp2 and F3 simultaneously can be indicative of the patient hiding all feelings and emotions (flat affect may be seen). Increased beta and decreased alpha in frontalis is indicative of agitation, being controlled by anxiety, feeling overwhelmed, and impulsivity with explosiveness. The beta band has a relatively large range, and has been divided into low, midrange and high. Low Beta (13-15) Hz: Could be called hi alpha, formerly "SMR":(Sensory Motor Rhythm when at C3, Cz, or C4). The alpha wave of the motor system, maximum when body is still. Subjective feeling states: relaxed yet focused, integrated. Associated tasks & behaviors: low SMR can reflect "ADD", lack of focused attention Physiological correlates: is inhibited by motion; restraining body may increase SMR Midrange Beta (15-18) Hz: Subjective feeling states: thinking, aware of self & surroundings; Associated tasks & behaviors: mental activity; Physiological correlates: alert, active, but not agitated. Localized activity where work is being done, asynchronous. High Beta (above 18 Hz): Muscle artifact can intrude here. You tend to inhibit hi beta to decrease artifact. Subjective feeling states: alertness, agitation, problem solving, 15 anxiety, worrying, rumination, mental effort. Associated tasks & behaviors: mental activity, e.g. math, planning, etc. Physiological correlates: general activation of mind & body functions. Beta hypercoherence – stress, “traffic jam,” overwhelmed, can’t process activated networks. Beta hypocoherence – immobilized. Beta Wave Indicators: Area Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Frontal Anxiety Impulsivity (being controlled by anxiety and feeling overwhelmed ), and impulsivity with explosiveness , Mood shifts Pain Emotional hyper- vigilance and controlling, passive and/or avoidant personality Insomnia Person hides all feelings and emotions (flat affect may be seen) Fear (increased frontal beta) Aggression (decrease d frontal beta) Increased beta in frontal areas and on the right hemi (the brain is running too fast) may indicate anxiety, OCD, mania and worry Tempor al TBI Anger Irritabilit y Global Anxiety ADD Insomnia (insomnia often reveals LoBeta at 5.1/4.5) Insomnia Muscle tension Headaches Self- regulation problems OCD Posterio Anxiety Fibromyalgi Ruminatio OCD 16 r disorder(s) Rumination a n Trauma Ruminatio n Slow waves are synchronous. Alpha brainwaves (8–12 Hz) are slower and larger. Alpha is generated from resonance between the thalamus and the cortex. They are generally associated with a state of relaxation, peacefulness and alertness. Activity in the lower half of this range represents to a considerable degree the brain shifting into an idling gear, relaxed and a bit disengaged, waiting to respond when needed. If people merely close their eyes and begin picturing something peaceful, in less than half a minute there begins to be an increase in alpha brainwaves. These brainwaves are especially large in the back third of the head. EEG investigations of alcoholics (and the children of alcoholics) have documented that even after prolonged periods of abstinence, they frequently have lower levels of alpha and theta brainwaves and an excess of fast beta activity. Alpha waves will peak around 10 Hz. Good healthy alpha production promotes mental resourcefulness, aids in the ability to coordinate mentally, enhances overall sense of relaxation and fatigue. In this state you can move quickly and efficiently to accomplish whatever task is at hand. When Alpha predominates most people feel at ease and calm. Alpha appears to bridge the conscious to the subconscious. It is the major rhythm seen in normal relaxed adults - it is present during most of life especially beyond the thirteenth year when it dominates the resting. Alpha rhythms are reported to be derived from the white matter of the brain. The white matter can be considered the part of the brain that connects all parts with each other. It is a preferred state for the brain and occurs whenever a person is alert (it is a marker for alertness and sleep), but not actively processing information. Alpha waves are strongest over the occipital (back of the head) cortex and also over frontal cortex. He traumatized brain idles too fast (in the beta direction), or too slowly (in the theta direction). If excessive alpha coherence is present, the brain may be locked up in alpha and be hard to speed up or slow down. Low alpha may be indicative of anxiety, PTSD, or short-term memory impairment. (Low alpha increases cortisol in the brain, which 19 excessive amount of slow waves are present in the executive (frontal) parts of the brain, it becomes difficult to control attention, behavior, and/or emotions. Such persons generally have problems with cognitive processing, concentration, memory, controlling their impulses and moods, or hyperactivity. They have problems focusing and exhibit diminished intellectual efficiency. Theta is generated through the thalamo-cortical path and reflects resources used in the body, pulled into the brain when needed. Check out one’s diet and exercise/health issues. Elevated theta in the posterior of the brain tends to be associated with feelings of calm and well-being. Theta activity is classified as "slow" activity. It is seen in connection with creativity, intuition and daydreaming and is a repository for memories, emotions, and sensations. Theta waves are strong during internal focus, hyper-vigilance, meditation, prayer, and spiritual awareness. It reflects the state between wakefulness and sleep. Relates to subconscious. It is abnormal in awake adults but is perfectly normal in children up to 13 years old. It is also present during sleep. Theta is believed to reflect activity from the limbic system and hippocampus regions. Theta is observed in anxiety, behavioral activation and behavioral inhibition. When the theta rhythm appears to function normally it mediates and promotes adaptive, complex behaviors such as learning and memory. Under unusual emotional circumstances, such as stress or disease states, there may be an imbalance of three major transmitter systems, which results in aberrant behavior. Excessive theta and delta have a slowing effect and the brain is underactive. Lack of blood flow to the brain increases theta and delta waves. Subjective feeling states: intuitive, creative, recall, fantasy, imagery, creative, dreamlike, switching thoughts, drowsy Associated tasks & behaviors: creative, intuitive; but may also be distracted, unfocused Physiological correlates: healing, integration of mind/body. Theta/Beta Ratios: (greater than 3:1 - constitutes a slow-wave disorder. The normal theta/beta ratio is 2:1 (i.e., theta 8.7 over beta 11.07 = .79 or too much beta). The largest theta/beta ratios are found at Cz or Fz; the smallest theta/beta ratios are found in the temporal lobes. The normal theta/beta ratio at Cz is 1.6:1, and at Fpz is 1.5:1. A high theta/beta ratio is a signature of ADHD. Deficiencies suggest inefficiency in self-quieting, general anxiety, self-medicating and/or 20 distraction oriented behaviors, burnout, depression or poor sleep quality, self-designated alcoholics. When the ratio is too high, look for interpersonal detachment with qualitative aspects of autistic or Asperger’s behavior. Look to equalize frontal lobe activity and reduce the theta/beta ratio in the occipital area of the grain. Theta Wave Indicators: Area Indicator s Indicators Indicators Indicators Indicators Frontal ADHD/A DD Anxiety Impulsivene ss/ Impulse Control D/O Lack of inhibitory control (when theta is higher on the right front and right hem.) Foggy headed/L.D. (Unable to grasp concepts, ideas, information) Emotional: PTSD Depression/Ov er-whelmed Emotions shut down Disorganizati on (when theta is higher on the left front and left hemi) Tempor al Language processing problems Short-term memory problems Emotional processing problems Global Decreased delta/theta globally may indicate a person is low energy (esp. when alpha is high) Emotional processing problems Trouble with accessing emotional information. Retrieval problems Posteri or Pain and anxiety. Decreased theta may indicate attentional problems. OCD/ Perseveratio n (hard time letting go) L.D. reading comprehensi on problems Delta brainwaves (.5–3.5 Hz) are very slow, high-amplitude (magnitude) brainwaves and are what we experience in deep, restorative sleep. In general, different levels of awareness are 21 associated with dominant brainwave states. Delta measures do not give clear diagnostic indications. Delta brainwaves will also occur, for instance, when areas of the brain go ‘‘off line’’ to take up nourishment, and delta is also associated with learning disabilities. If someone is becoming drowsy, there are more delta and slower theta brainwaves creeping in, and if people are somewhat inattentive to external things and their minds are wandering, there is more theta present. Often present with learning difficulties. ADD tends to show high amplitude delta slow waves, excessive theta or a locked in alpha state. Excessive alpha and beta is the brain’s most reliable signature for depression. Depression may show high alpha or beta, excessive coherence problems or poor inter-hemisphere communication. The lowest frequencies are delta and are generated from the brain stem and cerebellum. These are less than 4 Hz and occur in deep sleep and in some abnormal processes also during experiences of "empathy Delta waves are involved with our ability to integrate and let go. It reflects unconscious mind. Delta is normally the dominant rhythm in infants up to one year of age and it is present in stages 3 and 4 of sleep. It tends to be the highest in amplitude and the slowest waves. We increase Delta waves to decrease our awareness of the physical world. We also access information in our unconscious mind through Delta. Complex problem solving. Peak performers’ decrease Delta waves when high focus and peak performance is required. However, most individuals diagnosed with Attention Deficit Disorder, naturally increase rather than decrease Delta activity when trying to focus. The inappropriate Delta response often severely restricts the ability to focus and maintain attention. It is as if the brain is locked into a perpetual drowsy state. Parietal delta (P4) affects association and cortex/processing. A delta deficit is indicative of problems with working memory. Subjective feeling states: deep, dreamless sleep, non-REM sleep, trance, unconscious. Associated tasks & behaviors: lethargic, not moving, not attentive Physiological correlates: not moving, low-level of arousal. Delta Wave Indicators: Area Indicato r Indicator Indicator Indicator Indicator Frontal TBI L.D. Dementi Parkinson’ Decreased Delta may indicate 24 they are referred to as coupled. Bandwidth microvolt normative distributions at Cz: Bandwidth Eyes Closed Eyes Open Alpha (8-12 Hz) 16.6 mvl 9.3 mvl Theta (4-8 Hz) 12.4 mvl 10.7 mvl Beta (13-21 Hz) 8.1 mvl 6.4 mvl SMR (12-15 Hz) 5.1 mvl 4.4 mvl Theta to beta ratio 1.6:1 1.8:1 Normal amplitude of beta tends to be higher than or equal to high beta, while the normal amplitude of theta tends to be greater than delta. Theta is still highest at Pz (EO). 25 Contributions from Soutar & Longo (“Doing Neurofeedback”) Drug Effects on the EEG: Brodmann Areas: Table 3: Brodmann Areas and Localization of Function SITE BRODMANN AREA FUNCTION Fpz 10, 11, 32 Emotional inhibition, oversensitive, impulsive Motivation & attention Fpl 10, 11, 46 Cognitive emotional valence - lateral orbital frontal Irritability, intrusive, depression Social awareness - approach behaviors Fp2 10, 11, 46 Emotional inhibition - lateral orbital frontal Impulsivity, tactlessness, mania Social awareness - avoidance behaviors 45, 47, 46 Working memory - visual & auditory Divided & selective attention - filtering Broca’s area - semantic short-term buffer (word retrieval) F8 45, 47, 46 Prosody Working memory - spatial & visual, gestalt Facial emotional processing Sustained attention F3 8,9, 46 Short-term memory - verbal episodic retrieval Facial recognition, object processing Planning & problem solving - Wisconsin card sort (rigidity) Ft 8,9, 46 Short-term memory - spatial/object retrieval Vigilance area - selective & sustained attentional area Fz 86,9 Personality changes Intention & motivation - poverty of speech, apathy Possible anterior cingulate - internal vs. external attention Basal ganglia output o 31,4 Sensory & motor functions cA 3,1,4 Sensory & motor functions Cz 6,4,3 Sensory & motor functions 13 42, 22,21 Language comprehension - verbal understanding Wernicke’s area - inner voice Long-term memory - declarative & episodic processing Event sequencing - visualization Amygdala/hippocampal area T4 42,2221 Personality - emotional tonality (anger, sadness) Categorization & organization Visualization and auditory cortex 39, 37, 19 Meaning construction - angular gyrus Acalcula Short-term memory T6 39, 37, 19 Facial recognition - emotional content, amygdalic connection 7,40, 19 Digit span problems, information organization problems Self-boundaries excessive thinking Pa 7, 40,19 Visual processing - spatial sketch pad, vigilance Personality - excessive self-concern, victim mentality Agnosia, apraxia, context boundaries, rumination Pz 7,5,19 Attentional shifting- perseverance Self-awareness, orientation association area Agnosia, apraxia O1, 02 18, 19, 17 Visual processing, procedural memory, dreaming Oz 18, 17,19 Visual processing, hallucinations ©2000 Rv Richard Soutar PhD Naw Mind Nanenfaadhanl Cantar 26