Understanding Anorexia Nervosa and PTSD: Prevalence, Recovery, and Treatment, Exams of Nursing

Download Understanding Anorexia Nervosa and PTSD: Prevalence, Recovery, and Treatment and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NEWLY UPDATED EXAM ELABORATIONS QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS and EXPLANATIONS . QUESTION 1 1. Select the neurotransmitter involved in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in children and adolescents based on the common comorbidity of tic disorders. A Norepinephrine B GABA . C Dopamine . D Acetylcholine Answer: Dopamine Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is linked to defects in the cortico-striatal-thalamic-cortical (CSTC) circuitry, which may be linked to neurotransmitter dysregulation throughout this network. Serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, and -aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the main neurotransmitters throughout the CSTC. Compulsive behaviors linked to OCD are likely the product of a related dopaminergic reward system dysfunction. Continuous ventral striatum activation may lead to an undirected expectation of reward. Anxiety and a desire to fill the gap are caused by unfulfilled expectations. Step-by-Step explanation References Richter, M. A., De Jesus, D. R., Hoppenbrouwers, S., Daigle, M., Deluce, J., Ravindran, L. N., ... & Daskalakis, Z. J. (2019). Evidence for cortical inhibitory and excitatory dysfunction in obsessive compulsive disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology, 37(5), 1144-1151. Pittenger, C., Krystal, J. H., & Coric, V. (2016). Glutamate-modulating drugs as novel pharmacotherapeutic agents in the treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder. NeuroRx, 3(1), 69- A Anorexia . nervosa B Bulimia . nervosa C Purging . D Binge . A. Anorexia Nervosa Step-by-Step explanation Anorexia nervosa is one eating disorder that most people have heard of. People with anorexia often starve themselves in order to achieve an unattainable ideal of thinness. This condition, like many eating disorders, tends to affect more women than men. 1 points QUESTION 4 1. Select the disorder in which inflicting injury to self or others is common. A Pain . 1 points 1 points B Conversion . C Somatic . symptom D Factitious . Factitious disorder is a serious mental disorder in which someone deceives others by appearing sick, by purposely getting sick or by self-injury. QUESTION 5 1. Select two imaging methods used to study anxiety disorders. A CT . B TM . S C MRI . D EKG . QUESTION 6 1. Select the two factors that do not cause dissociative amnesia. A Sexual . abuse B Substance . abuse C Surgical pain accompanied with dissociative symptoms. A disruption in the integrated functions of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception characterizes dissociative disorders. . D Partner . betrayal Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is; A. Sexual abuse D. Partner betrayal Substance abuse and surgical pain can cause dissociative amnesia. Dissociative amnesia is a disorder in which a person loses track of vital details from their past. This forgetfulness can be limited to a few key areas (thematic), or it might encompass a large portion of a person's life history and/or identity (general). Drug and alcohol usage not only raises the risk of having a co-occurring or comorbid substance use disorder, but it can also intensify dissociative amnesia symptoms. Dissociative disorders are essential to the pain physician because persistent pain can be Reference A Drug adverse effects . B Variability of family . therapy C Patient resistance . D Noncompliance with . therapy Answer; C) Patient resistance Step-by-Step explanation Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a chronic illness in which sufferers experience a slew of negative consequences in a variety of areas of their lives as a result of their low weight and restrictive food intake. Given these negative consequences, which are visible in physical, emotional, and social dimensions, it can be tempting to dismiss the condition entirely. As a result, AN sufferers' inability to pursue, continue, or participate in care may also be perplexing from an outsider's perspective. This ego-syntonic perspective is most prevalent in anorexia nervosa. When an eating disorder is experienced as ego-syntonic, there is little to no desire to alter the habits, resulting in high levels of medication resistance that worsens over time. The egosyntonic aspect of the disease, in which individuals with anorexia nervosa esteem their condition, is a major issue for clinicians treating the illness. This hinders encouragement for rehabilitation and involvement with care. The aim of this review article is to explain the essence of egosyntonicity in anorexia nervosa by examining both qualitative and quantitative studies on the topic, and, more importantly, to present strategies for overcoming this impediment to recovery in anorexia nervosa care. Therefore, we can conclude that, the greatest impediment to treating anorexia nervosa patients is option C, Patient resistance. References The Egosyntonic nature of anorexia: An impediment to recovery in anorexia nervosa treatment. (2019, January 14). PubMed Central (PMC). Retrieved April 6, 2021, from 1 points QUESTION 10 1.Select the most common sleep disorder. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5743910/ Patient resistance in eating disorders. (2014, September 24). Psychiatric Times. Retrieved April 6, 2021, from https://www.psychiatrictimes.com/view/patient-resistance-eating-disorders Perplexities of treatment resistence in eating disorders. (2013, November 7). BMC Psychiatry. Retrieved April 6, 2021, from https://bmcpsychiatry.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471- 244X- 13-292 A Parasomni . a B Hypersom . nia C Insomnia . D Apnea 1 points . Answer: c. Insomnia Step-by-Step explanation Insomnia refers to the inability to stay asleep and fall asleep. It the most common sleeping disease. Markedly, narcolepsy triggers extreme sleepiness during the daytime, while hypersomnia involves the inability to remain awake in the day. The others are severe but less common than insomnia. For instance, apnea affects frequent breathing when one is sleeping. Parasomnia leads to unusual behavior when sleeping that can happen at any stage and time of sleep. It may include the transition from sleeping to wakefulness, talking, moving around, and doing abnormal things while asleep. Reference; Morin, C. M., Drake, C. L., Harvey, A. G., Krystal, A. D., Manber, R., Riemann, D., & Spiegelhalder, K. (2015). Insomnia disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers, 1(1), 1-18. QUESTION 11 1. Select the percentage of untreated PTSD patients who recover after one year. A 10 . % B 20 . % C 30 . % D 50 . % Answer: PTSD Data compiled by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs' National Center for PTSD indicate thatroughly half of all American women and more than half of all American men will experience traumatic situations associated with the later onset of post-traumatic stress disorder. However, much 1 points Americans will experience PTSD at some point in their lives, with women (10.4%) twice as likely to be victims as men (5%). https://www.apa.org/research/action/ptsd QUESTION 12 1. Select the factor that is required to cause PTSD from a stressor. A Intense horror . B Isolated experience . C Concurrent substance . abuse D Survivor’s guilt . Answer is A, Intense horror. Step-by-Step explanation 1 points Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a disorder that develops in some people who have experienced a shocking, scary, or dangerous event. Horror films are designed to elicit certain emotions such as tension, fear, stress, and shock. These can cause the release of the hormones in the body such as norepinephrine, cortisol, and adrenaline from the autonomic nervous system hence causing PTSD. Guyton, et al. 2012 QUESTION 13 1. Select two causes of dissociative amnesia. A Sexual . abuse B Substance . abuse C Surgical pain . D Partner . betrayal Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanationA and D Sexual abuse and Partner betrayal are the two causes of dissociate amnesia. Usually, overwhelming stress has been attributed to dissociative amnesia, which can be brought on by traumatic events such as injuries, war, violence, or natural disasters. The person may have been directly affected by the trauma or may have just witnessed it. There appears to be a hereditary link in dissociative amnesia, as close relatives often acquire the condition. In this case, sexual abuse and partner betrayal and directly related to emotional abuse. In multivariate hierarchical tests, emotional violence, like the sexual abuse, was the strongest and most direct indicator of dissociation, confounding the influence of other trauma forms. 1 points the degree to which one is abused by a caregiver or close relationship may have an impact on the essence of trauma and how one responds to it. According to BTT, this is closely related to psychogenic amnesia or other dissociative processes that arise as a way of maintaining a connection with the caregiver and promoting survival. References https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/9789-dissociative- amnesia https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/dissociative- amnesia QUESTION 14 1. Select the population in which rumination disorder occurs most frequently. A Male infants aged 3 to 12 . months B Female infants 6 to 18 . months C Children aged 2 to 5 years . Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021 1 points D Intellectual . disability Answer: C . and D . Step-by-Step explanation Answer: C and D - Autism and Intellectual disability According to the DSM-5, disorders most commonly comorbid with pica are disorders with impaired in functioning such as Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability, and to a lesser extent, schizophrenia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Some other lesser known comorbidities are:  Trichotillomania/hair-pulling disorder  Excoriation/skin-picking disorder  avoidant-restrictive food intake disorder source:  American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Feeding and Easting disorders. In Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596.dsm05  https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/learn/by-eating-disorder/other/pica QUESTION 17 1. Select the third most commonly reported psychiatric symptom. A Depression . B Anxiety . C Psychosis Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021 1 points QUESTION 18 1.Select the characteristic in long sleepers (more than 9 hours) that is absent in shortsleepers (less than 6 hours). . D Depersonaliza . tion Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation Psychosis is a condition that affects the way your brain processes information. It causes you to lose touch with reality. You might see, hear, or believe things that aren't real. Common psychotic experiences include hallucinations (hearing, seeing or feeling things that are not there) and delusions (fixed false beliefs or suspicions that are firmly held even when there is evidence to the contrary). https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mental-disorders A Mildly . depressed 1 points Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021 B Ambitious . C Socially . adept D Efficient . QUESTION 19 1. Select the two most common peripheral symptoms of anxiety. A Bradycar . dia B Dizziness . C Constipati . on D Tremors . Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation The two most common peripheral symptoms of anxiety are (1) Dizziness and (2) Constipation. It actually has a lot of distressing symptoms, but the above two are the most common among the choices provided. If you are experiencing anxiey, you will feel dizzy, would faint or you are unsteady. You will also eventually experience digestive discomfort like constipation or other digistive problems. 1 points 1 points Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021 Reference Lacan, J. (1950). A theoretical introduction to the functions of psychoanalysis in criminology. Écrits: The first complete edition in English, 103-122. QUESTION 22 1. Select the disorder in children and adolescents that is described by depressed orirritable mood for most of the day for a majority of days in at least one year. A Major . depression B Cyclothymia . C Bereavement . D Persistent . depression 1 points QUESTION 23 1.Select the type of dissociative amnesia described by inability to recall any events in aparticular lifespan period. A Selective . Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021 Answer: D . Step-by-Step explanation Persistent depression disorder is an irritable mood that lasts for most of the day form more days than not for about one year. It leads to poor appetite or overeating. Insomnia or hypersomnia. It causes low energy or fatigue. It leads to low self- esteem, poor concentration and feelings of hopelessness. If one has persistent depression, he or she may find it hard to be upbeat even on happy occasions. They may have a gloomy personality, constantly complaining or incapable of having fun. It is usually not as severe as major depression, the depressed mood may be mild, moderate or severe. B Localized . C Generaliz . ed D Continuo . us Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer would be letter C. Generalized Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021 Because in this type of dissociative amnesia, a person has inability to recall encompasses the person's entire life. This type of amnesia is rare and is characterized by total loss of memories related to one's past and identity. A person may not remember anything about life before a certainpoint, including where they have been, what they have done or said, or who they were with. A person may even may loss information about the world, history, or previously-held skills. Persons have a complete loss of memory of their entire life history like their own identity. Those who experience this type of amnesia deficits in both semantic and procedural knowledge. This means that people have no common knowledge of the world like cannot identify songs, the current president, or names of colors nor do they have the ability to engage in learned skills like typing shoes and driving car. The onset of generalized amnesia is typically acute. Reference: Leong S, Waits W, Diebold C (January 2006). "Dissociative Amnesia and DSM-IV-TR Cluster C Personality Traits". Psychiatry (Edgmont). 3 (1): 51-5. PMC 2990548. PMID 21103150 1 points 1 Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021 . abuse Answer: A. Medical Illness Adjustment disorders are usually caused by significant stressors i one's life and I believe amongstthe choices is an ongoing stress therefore has a higher chance to cause the adjustment disorder. QUESTION 27 1. Select the medical condition that must be excluded as a cause of somatic symptomdisorder or hypochondriasis. A Angina . pectoris B Asthma . C Diabetes . D Multiple . sclerosis QUESTION 28 1. Select the function that is most affected by conversion disorder. A Voluntary . motor B Hearing . Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021 C Involuntary . motor D Smelling . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Conversion disorder is a mental disorder illness in which the brain and nerves of the body will be unable to properly send and receive information. The therapy focuses heavily on brain retraining. The following criteria are used to make a diagnosis of conversion disorder. The patient is suffering from: One or more illnesses that cause changes in voluntary motor or sensory function, affecting the five senses: vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell. There were no physical discoveries that may justify the illness. Reference O'Neal, M. A., & Baslet, G. (2018). Treatment for patients with a functional neurological disorder (conversion disorder): An integrated approach. American Journal of Psychiatry, 175(4), 307-314. 1 points QUESTION 29 1.Select the therapy for insomnia that can be effective at up to three years after discontinuation. QUESTION 30 1.Select the mental health model that is most associated with human interpersonalconnection. A Maturity 1 points Midterm 6635 PMHNP Walden University January 2021 A Cognitive- . behavioral B Sedating . antihistamines C Benzodiazepines . D Paradoxical . intention Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation CBT have been found to be more effective even after discontinuation as it changes your way of thinking and behavior, while medicinal drugs can only aid to help sleep, you can become dependent on them and effects will wear off when you stop taking them. More on CBT on sleep disorders here: https://www.helpguide.org/articles/sleep/therapy-for-sleep- disorders.htm . QUESTION 32 1.Select the two medical conditions in which derealization and depersonalization arecommon. A Anorexia . 1 points B Migraine . C Parkinso . n’s D Seizures . Answer: A . and D . Step-by-Step explanation Options A and D are the correct answers. In seizure and anorexia, derealization and depersonalization. Depersonalization and or derealization disorder is a form of dissociative illnesscharacterized by chronic or repeated experiences of being disconnected (dissociated) from one's body or mental processes, sometimes accompanied by a sense of being an outside observer of one's life (depersonalization) or being disconnected from one's surroundings (derealization) is common. This type of disorder is often triggered by severe stress . In anorexia, a disorder characterized by abnormal low body weight and an intense fear of gaining weight with distorted perception about weight, often cause severe stress due to constant worries about food and weight leading to anxiety, depression, and low self-esteem level. In seizure, both ictal (period from the first symptoms to the end of the seizure activity) or postictal (begins when a seizure subsides and ends when the patient returns to normal), areas of the brain responsible for emotions and responding to stress are greatly affected. Patients with ictal depersonalization-like symptoms have impaired self-identification with their bodies and usually have frontal lobe epilepsy with the epileptogenic zone in the dorsal premotor cortex, whereas patients with derealization-like symptoms have temporal lobe epilepsy with the epileptogenic zone in the temporal lobe. ***Both options B and C are incorrect because there is no substantial evidence that derealization and depersonalization are common in migraine and Parkinson's disease. Reference: 1.Spiegel, D. (2021, March) Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder - Psychiatric Disorders. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Retrieved on May 27, 2021, from https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/dissociative- disorders/depersonalization-derealization- disorder#:~:text=Depersonalization %2Fderealization%20disorder%20is%20a,of%20being% 20detached%20from%20one's 2. Heydrich, L., Marillier, G., Evans, N., Seeck, M., & Blanke, O. (2019, August 22) Depersonalization- and derealization-like phenomena of epileptic origin. NCBI. Retrieved on May 27, 2021, from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6764488/ 1 points QUESTION 33 1. Select the age stage of life in which identity crisis typically emerges. A Childhood . B Adolescen . ce C Middle . adult D Elderly . adult Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation The answer is B. Adolescence. Adolescents are children who are transitioning to be adults. It is at this age that people have to commit to certain life-changing choices such as choosing a career path, dating potential lifetime partners, and sometimes, even moving out of their own homes. Thus, a lot of adolescents end up experiencing identity crisis, as they still do not have enough knowledge and experience to make big decisions on their own. "What career would suit me the best?", "What type of person should I 1 points . B 3 . C 4 . D 6 . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is C not A. Diagnosis of encopresis is done when the child is at least 4 years and is experiencing repeated leakage or passing of faeces in inappropriate places. QUESTION 36 1. Select the mg/dL blood alcohol level range that is associated with causing impairedjudgment and coordination. A 20 to 40 . B 50 to . 100 C 100 to . 130 D 140 to . 190 1 points QUESTION 37 1.Select the minimum treatment time to assess the effectiveness of antidepressantdrug therapy. Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation The blood alcohol range that the researches have found to be associated with causing impaired judgment and coordination is 50 to 100mg/dl. After that, i.e., from 100-130mg/dl, the condition becomes even more severe and the person also starts exhibiting symptoms of slurred speech, disorientation and loss of control over voluntary muscles. Therefore, the answer is B. 50 to 100 mg/dL Source: Monico, N. (2020). Blood Alcohol Level & Effects on the Body. American Addiction Centres. A 1-2 . weeks 1 points B 3-4 . weeks C 6-8 . weeks D 10-14 . weeks Answer: C Step-by-Step explanation When it comes to antidepressant drug therapy, it usually takes 6-8 weeks before the effects of thedrugs are realized. This means that it will take an individual at least six weeks before they start experiencing the benefits of antidepressant drug therapy. For other individuals, it can take up to eight weeks before they can start seeing the benefits of antidepressants. Therefore, anything along the timelines of 6-8 weeks is ideal for a person to start realizing the effects of the drugs. QUESTION 38 1. Select the exposure to violence that is excluded as a DSM-5 diagnostic criterion forPTSD in children and adolescents. A Electronic media . B Directly witnessed . C Report of family . member D Repeated natural . disaster Answer: 1 points Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation The social-emotional development begins with parental bonding to the child. This bonding allows the mother to respond to the child's needs timely and soothe their newborn. The consistent availability of the caregiver results in the development of "basic trust" and confidence in the infant for the caregiver during the first year of life. The infant to seek for parents or the caregiver during times of stress, known as the attachment. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534819/ QUESTION 41 1. Select two events that are excluded as causes of dissociative trance disorder. A Natural disaster . B Substance abuse . C Experienced . violence 1 points QUESTION 42 A Family 1.Select the nondrug therapy with the greatest evidence of effectiveness in treating major depressive disorder. D Appropriate drug . therapy Answer: B . and D . Step-by-Step explanation The answer would be B) substance abuse and D) appropriate drug therapy this is because dissociative trance disorder is caused by children being subjected to emotional abuse or frightening home environments and can be even caused by stress of war or natural disasters. . B Psychoanal . ytic C Cognitive . D Behavior . Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation Cognitive therapy is a treatment process that helps patients correct false self-beliefs that lead tocertain moods and behaviors. The fundamental principle behind cognitive therapy is that a thought precedes a mood, and that both are interrelated with a person's environment, physical reaction, and subsequent behavior. 1 points QUESTION 43 1. Select the theorist who developed the eight stages of psychosocial life cycle. A Bowlb . y B Perls . C Erikso . n D Roger . s Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanationC. Erik Erickson 1 points B White blood . cells C Liver enzymes . D Blood urea . nitrogen Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation The serum assessment that is required when prescribing drugs to treat psychiatric disorders in psychomatic patients is potassium. QUESTION 46 1. Select the alternate name for persistent depressive disorder. A Cyclothy . mia B Bipolar I . C Bipolar II . D Dysthymi . a Answer: D . Step-by-Step explanation Dysthymia. 1 points QUESTION 47 1.Select the serum substance that should be measured to aid the diagnosis of restlessleg syndrome. A Potassiu . m B Ferritin . C Magnesi . um D Albumin . Answer : C . 1 points 1 points Step-by-Step explanation Magnesium This is because deficiency of magnesium causes restless leg syndrome. QUESTION 48 1. Select the scientist who is most associated with the development of learning theory. A Piaget . B Ainswor . th C Bowlby . D Pavlov . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation From the set of choices given, the scientist who is most associated with the development of learning theory is option (a) which is Piaget. Jean Piaget is mostly associated with the theory of learning due to his development of theory of cognitive development in children. His theory focuses on studying two key aspects that promote learning. These aspects are; how little children acquire knowledge and comprehending the nature of intelligence in children. Piaget presents his theory of cognitive development in four stages which are the sensorimotor, the preoperational, the concrete operational stage and the formal operational stage. 1 points QUESTION 51 1. Select the percentage that most accurately represents the rate of heritability ofmajor depression. A 1 . 5 B 3 . 0 C 4 . 5 D 6 . 0 Answer: C Step-by-Step explanation According to research that was done and published by Stanford University, the rate of heritability of major depression is between 40%-50%(F. Levinson and E. Nichols, n.d.). The research even goes on to say that the percentages could be higher in that genetics could play a part in 50% of the cases, whereas other factors could play a part in the rest of the cases(F. Levinson and E. Nichols, n.d.). Therefore, based on the percentages that have been expressed above, I believe that 45% falls between the ranges that have been given in the study, which means that choice C is most likely the correct answer. Reference F. Levinson, D. and E. Nichols, W., n.d. Major Depression and Genetics. [online] Genetics of Brain Function. Available at: <https://med.stanford.edu/depressiongenetics/mddandgenes.html> [Accessed 26 May 2021]. 1 points QUESTION 52 1. Select two neurotransmitters associated with anxiety. A Dopami . ne B Glutam . ate C Serotoni . n D GABA . Dopamine and Serotonin and other nuerotrasmitters like norepinephrine, and gamma- aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitters are in charge of regulating various bodily and mental functions 1 points QUESTION 53 1. Select the drug with the most rapid onset of action to treat acute mania. A Lithium . B Clonazep . am C Lamotrigi . ne D Valproate . Answer: D . Step-by-Step explanation Unlike Lithium, Valporate has a rapid onset of action producing significant results in clinical trials within the span of 1 week and is effective as well in treating mixed and classic mania. B Alzheimer’s . disease C Major . depression D Schizophrenia . Answer: C Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is choice (C) Major depression.  Major depression is a condition with specific indications and symptoms that affects one's ability to work, sleep, eat and enjoy formerly enjoyable activities.  GAD is one of the most prevalent comorbid problems with other disorders, with rates of comorbidity equaling or exceeding those of other anxiety disorders. The most prevalent co- occurring disorders are depressive disorders, particularly MDD and various anxiety disorders, including panic disorder. 1 points  GAD affects twice as many women as it does males and it usually manifests itself over the course of a few years in early to middle adulthood. If left untreated, intense concern might gradually impair one's ability to do daily tasks like driving a car or falling asleep.  Patients with a later beginning of GAD are more likely to indicate that their symptoms began as a result of a major stressful incident in their life. When a person is diagnosed with GAD, the illness usually lasts a long time. During times of stress, the intensity of symptoms may fluctuate and worsen. Reference Zimmerman, M., & Chelminski, I. (2003). Generalized anxiety disorder in patients with major depression: is DSM-IV's hierarchy correct?. American Journal of Psychiatry, 160(3), 504-512. QUESTION 56 1. Select the percentage range of correlation between obesity and psychiatric disorders. A 10 to . 20 B 20 to . 30 C 40 to . 60 D 50 to . 70 Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation Obesity is associated with an approximately 25% increase in odds of mood and anxiety disorders and an approximately 25% decrease in odds of substance use disorders. Variation across demographic groups suggests that social or cultural factors may moderate or mediate the association between obesity and mood disorder. 1 points Reference https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1913935/ QUESTION 57 1. Select the obsessive-compulsive disorder for which a patient is likely to initially seekhelp from a non-psychiatric provider. A Hoarding . B Excoriation . C Hair-pulling . D Body . dysmorphia Answer: 1 points Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Explanation The correct choice is A. Childhood.  The adjustment disorder always affect people of all ages but is most common in children. It is especially common with the children that are struggling with divorce. This might include the changes in situation of living or one parent being absent.  Adjustment disorders affect people of all ages, but they are especially prevalent in childrenand teenagers. They affect both boys and females equally. They occur throughout all cultures. However, depending on cultural influences, the stressors and signs may differ. Reference Casey, Patricia. "Adjustment disorder." CNS drugs 23.11 (2009): 927-938. Carta, Mauro Giovanni, et al. "Adjustment Disorder: epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment." Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health 5.1 (2009): 1-15. QUESTION 60 1. Select the drug used to treat bipolar disorder that may cause hypothyroidism. A Lithium . B Risperido . ne C Lamotrigi . ne D Valproate . 1 points QUESTION 61 1.Select the psychiatric disorder that occurs most commonly in patients hospitalized formedical problems and surgery. Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation Lithium is a chemical element with the symbol Li and atomic number 3. It is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal. Under standard conditions, it is the lightest metal and the lightest solid element. A Depressi . on B Adjustm . ent C Bipolar . D Anxiety . 1 points Answer: D . Step-by-Step explanation Anxiety. QUESTION 62 1. Select the public performance that is most associated with social anxiety in children. A Dancin . g B Speaki . ng C Athleti . cs D Eating . Answer: B Step-by-Step explanation Physical symptoms of social anxiety include nausea, stomach pain, flushing, and trembling. It's easy to miss signs of social anxiety. This is due to the fact that at preschool or school, children with social anxiety are frequently quiet and obedient. They may not express their anxieties or concerns. Children who are teased, bullied, rejected, ridiculed or humiliated are more likely to develop social anxiety disorder. Other unpleasant life events, such as family conflict, trauma or abuse, may also be linked to social anxiety disorder. 1 points QUESTION 65 1.Select the maximum time period recommended for treatment of insomnia withhypnotic drugs. A 1 week . B 2 . weeks C 1 . month 6 month . s Answer: D . Step-by-Step explanation the hypnotics drugs are generally must be prescribed for a short period of time only, this is because the hypnotic drugs are federally controlled substances and the are also addictive. therefore the maximum time of the prescription is 6 months, so the answer is choice D D 1 points reference Parrino, L., & Terzano, M. G. (1996). Polysomnographic effects of hypnotic drugs. Psychopharmacology, 126(1), 1-16. Griffiths, R. R., & Johnson, M. W. (2005). Relative abuse liability of hypnotic drugs: a conceptual framework and algorithm for differentiating among compounds. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 66(supplement 9), 31-41. QUESTION 66 1. Select the neurotransmitter that is most genetically involved in childhood andadolescent depression. A Norepinephrine . B Serotonin . C Dopamine . D Gamma amino butyric acid . (GABA) Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation The serotonin has been kinked to cause depressive emotions that have been stored n the childhood years up to the adolescent age. The serotonin transporter gene is a key regulator of serotonergic neurotransmission of emotions that have been adamantly stored in the body and therefore it activates them during the adolescent years (Rolls, 2017). Serotonin being the one thatis involved in regulating the moods and the anxiety levels of a person make it possible to store emotions and control the way the person is feeling therefore causing depression if one had bad occurrences during childhood, then it 1 points reflects in them on the adolescent years. Reference Rolls, E. T. (2017). The roles of the orbitofrontal cortex via the habenula in non-reward and depression, and in the responses of serotonin and dopamine neurons. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 75, 331-334. QUESTION 67 1. Select the antidepressant drug that is most likely to cause death when taken in anoverdose. A Fluoxetin . e B Mirtazapi . ne C Imiprami . ne D Trazodon . e 1 points A Dopamine . B Corticotrophin . releasing C Serotonin . D Melatonin . Answer: D . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is choice D, Melatonin. Melatonin is a key hormone in synchronizing the body's clock. This hormone plays a role in a variety of biological and physiological processes in the body. It's a useful hormone for regulating human biorhythms (circadian rhythm). This hormone's primary function is to regulate the body's rhythm and maintain the biological clock. Melatonin has a sedative impact as well as the ability to synchronize the sleep-wake cycle. It's also important for keeping the body's temperature in check. In a variety of circadian rhythm disorders, melatonin rhythms are disrupted. QUESTION 70 1. Select the cognitive function category in a mental status examination that is represented by the question, “Starting at 3 A.M., count back the time 2 hours at a time.” A Orientation QUESTION 71 1.Select the therapeutic plasma concentration range for lithium in mEq/L. 1 points . B Concentrat . ion C Calculation . D Alertness . Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation The answer is B. Concentration. Mental status examinations usually examine five areas of cognition: alertness, orientation, attention/concentration, memory, and abstract reasoning. Among these, what fits the description mentioned above is attention/concentration. Concentration refers to how attuned the person is to the questions that are being asked. This is usually measured by asking them to do certain tasks such as spelling a word or counting backwards. A 0.1- . 0.5 B 0.6- . 1.2 C 1.4- . 1.9 D 2.0- . 2.6 Answer: B . Step-by-Step explanation Answer B. 0.6 - 1.2  The therapeutic range for lithium has been established at 0.6 - 1.2 mmol/L. Within this range, most people will respond to the drug without symptoms of toxicity.  Response and side effects vary among individuals. For some people with bipolar disorder, their condition will not be adequately treated at the low end of the therapeutic range. Others may experience excessive side effects at the upper end of the therapeutic range. You should work closely with your healthcare practitioner to find the dose that works best for you.  In general, when lithium results are in the therapeutic range and both your and your healthcare practitioner are satisfied that your bipolar disorder is being appropriately managed, then the dosage of lithium is adequate, particularly if you are not experiencing significant side effects.  If the blood level is below the therapeutic range, it is likely that you are not receiving adequate medication. If levels are above the therapeutic range and if there are significant side effects present at the current dose, then it is likely that the dose is too high. In these cases, your healthcare practitioner may adjust the lithium dose. However, you should not decrease or stop taking your medication without consulting with your healthcare practitioner as it can worsen your bipolar symptoms. Dose determinations and adjustments must be evaluated on a case-by- case basis. 1 points Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation The correct answer is C. Negligent parenting  Young children develop reactive attachment disorder due to emotional or physical negligence by their parents or their care givers. It occurs when a young children's connection to their caregiver is either absent or disrupted as a result of highly poor treatment. This might occur due to a variety of factors, like ignoring the children's mental demands for comfort, excitement, and love on a regular basis.  If a kid's essential necessities for pleasure, love, and caring are not addressed, and compassionate, loving, solid bonds with others are not created, reactive attachment disorder may emerge. QUESTION 74 1. Select the rating scale used to assess significant alcohol problem. A BPRS . 1 points Answer : B . B CAGE . C YBOC . S D CAPS . Step-by-Step explanation CAGE questionnaire is a questionnaire that consists of four questions that the doctors or clinicians ask to check for the possible signs of alcohol dependency or potential drinking problems in an individual. Each of the letters in CAGE represents a particular question which the clinicians ask. Therefore, the rating scale used to assess significant alcohol problem is B. CAGE. Source: Gotter, A. (2018). What is the CAGE Questionnaire? Healthline. QUESTION 75 1. Select the criterion that differentiates Bipolar II from Bipolar I disorder. A Major . depression B Mania . C Psychosis . D Hypomania . 1 points QUESTION 76 1.Select the largest percentage prevalence of psychiatric disorders in patients hospitalized for medical conditions. Answer: B . and C . Step-by-Step explanation Wei, G., Gao, H., Wang, J., & Huang, Y. (2018). Research on risk evaluation of enterprise humancapital investment with interval-valued bipolar 2-tuple linguistic information. Ieee Access, 6, 35697-35712. A 1 . 0 B 3 . 3 C 5 . 0 B Behavioral . modification C Antianxiety drugs . D Individual . psychotherapy Answer: C . Step-by-Step explanation The correct choice is D. Individual psychotherapy. Individual therapy is a sort of psychotherapy in which a trained professional assists a single person in resolving personal problems. It is a successful treatment for a wide range of emotional problems and mental diseases. 1 points QUESTION 79 1. Select the most exclusive feature rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. A Bradycardia . B Relaxation of skeletal . muscles C Dreaming . D Tachypnea . Answer: B 1 points Step-by-Step explanation The answer is C) Dreaming. Note: I have chosen option B because option C was not given. QUESTION 80 1. Select the DSM-5 disorder formerly called multiple personality disorder. A Depersonalizati . on B Dissociative . fugue C Dissociative . identity D Derealization . Answer: 1 points 1 points C . Step-by-Step explanation Choice C is the correct option. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), Dissociative Identity Disorder is formerly termed as multiple personality disorder and is characterized as a disruption of identity characterized by two or more distinct personality states or an experience of possession. The condition is primarily observed and demonstrated with marked discontinuity in sense of self and or agency, accompanied by changesin affect, behavior, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, and or sensory-motor functioning. Reference: Gabbard, G. O. (2007). Chapter 24.Dissociative Identity Disorder. Gabbard's treatments of psychiatric disorders. American Psychiatric Pub. QUESTION 81 1. Select the two primary psychometric properties of psychiatric rating scales. A Reproducibil . ity B Reliability . C Validity . D Variability . Answer: B . and C . Step-by-Step explanation Reliability and validity are considered the main measurement properties. Reliability is the ability to reproduce a result consistently in time and space. Validity refers to the property of an instrument to measure exactly what it proposes. overwhelming data suggests that the use of most medicines, especially for children, may be increased by significant numbers of people. A set of drugs termed antidepressants are by far the most often prescribed antidepressants (SSRIs) that comprise drugs such as Prozac, Zoloft and Paxil. SSRIs work on the serotonin transmitter, which is responsible for regulating the mood. If your weight gains are tough, doctors recommend you to keep salt to a minimum, to shut off sugar beverages, to eat healthy foods, to practice every day and to talk with a certified nutritionist. It was pointed out that there is another unpleasant impact that the doctor may chat with. We also had other things, including such thyroid abnormalities or metabolic problems, that lead you to gain weight. It is also crucial to note that weight increase may be harmful for certain persons because of their mood. This might lead to depression symptoms that get worse. Talk to your doctor about various treatment options if this matches you. 1 points QUESTION 84 1. Select the two complications in diagnosing patients with anorexia nervosa. Determining occurrence ofsubstance abuse Denial of symptoms Insisting weight loss has a medicalcause Secrecy regarding eating rituals 1 points QUESTION 85 1. Select the two types of symptom patterns common to OCD patients. Answer : D . A Recurrent . nightmares B Flight of ideas . C Intrusive . thoughts D Contamination . Step-by-Step explanation Hello dear student. The answers are C and D but I can only check one answer above (no C 1 points QUESTION 86 1. Select the rating scale used to screen for Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias. A BPRS . B YBOC . S C NPI . D BDI . Answer: A . Step-by-Step explanation The BPRS or the Brief Psychiatric Rating scale is actually for the domains of Schizophrenia but isalso used in persons with Alzheimers. This rating scale is composed of 24 symptoms that are to be assessed with a covering range of affective, psychotic and also behavioral disturbances. It is typically done in about 10 minutes. Also, it can be used to be able to assess the different phenomenological changes that are occurring in the psychopathology as the disease progresses just like dementia. References: Kaplan & Sadocks: Synopsis of Psychiatry 1 points A . Step-by-Step explanation Somatic Symptom Disorder, according to the DSM-5, is defined as one or more persistent body symptoms, such as aches and pains, that cause significant distress or disruption in one's everyday life. After seeing their doctor, who notices that the patient is overly obsessed with their symptoms, the patient is typically given this designation. Patients with this diagnosis are also more prone to be overly concerned about their signs and symptoms. In simple words, those with excessive somatic (bodily) symptoms are diagnosed with Somatic Symptom Disorder, whereas persons with excessive anxiety about sickness are diagnosed with Illness Anxiety Disorder. It's vital to understand that body symptoms, illness, and disease cause anxiety and discomfort in everyone, but persons with these diseases are especially worried and upset. Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is defined by somatic symptoms that are either extremely distressing or cause major functional disruption, as well as excessive and disproportionate thoughts, feelings, and actions in response to those symptoms. An individual must be diagnosed with SSD in order to receive a diagnosis. persistently afflicted (typically at least for 6 months). Reference  file:///C:/Users/User/Downloads/APA_DSM-5-Somatic-Symptom-Disorder.pdf QUESTION 89 1. Select the time from occurrence of the stressor in which symptoms must appear todiagnose an adjustment disorder. A 1 week . B 1 . month 3 month . s C 6 month . s Answer: s .6 D month Step-by-Step explanation The answer is D )6 months Explanation Adjustment disorder symptoms appear three months after a stressful event and continue no morethan six months after the incident has ended. Persistent or chronic adjustment disorders, on the other hand, might last longer than six months, particularly if the stressor is constant, such as unemployment. References D QUESTION 90 1. Select the two characteristics of impulses that are usually absent from compulsions. 1 points Adjustment disorders - Symptoms and causes. (2017, October 25). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/adjustment-disorders/symptoms-causes/ syc- 20355224 A Pleasure seeking . B Psychosocial . impairment C Committing actions . D Repetitive . performance Answer: A . and C . Step-by-Step explanation ANSWER A - Pleasure seeking C - Committing actions Explanation - A behavior is compulsive when you have the desire to perform it frequently until a feeling of uncertainty or anxiety goes away.