Russian Language Unit 2: Nominative Cases and Adjectives, Slides of Russian Language

Download Russian Language Unit 2: Nominative Cases and Adjectives and more Slides Russian Language in PDF only on Docsity! Unit 2 2007-09-27 Outline • Administrative • Nominative singular (m, f, n) (review) • Personal pronouns (he, she, it, they) • Nominative plural • Possessive pronouns (my, your [ты́, вы́], his, her, their, whose) • Adjectives (nominative singular and plural) О�н, она́, оно́, они́ • Где́ футбо́лка? • Где́ па́спорт? • Где́ письмо́? • Где́ окно́? • Где́ кни́га? • Где́ часы́? • Она́ зде́сь. • О�н зде́сь. • Оно́ зде́сь. • Оно́ зде́сь. • Она́ зде́сь. • Они́ зде́сь. Nominative plural • All genders have hard and soft variants • Masculine: ends in the sound /i/ (spelled –ы or –и) • Neuter: ends in the sound /a/ (spelled –а or –я) – Exception: и́мя changes its stem before it adds the –а • Feminine: ends in the sound /i/ (spelled –ы or –и) – Includes feminine in soft sign • Masculine and feminine have the same endings, neuter is different Plural: они́ Masculine (о́н) Neuter (оно́) Feminine (она́) Hard стол–ы́ о́кн–а газе́т–ы Soft словар–и́ пла́ть–я неде́л–и Other имен–а́ тетра́д–и Hard and soft endings /a/ /e/ /i/ /o/ /u/ Ø Hard а э ы о у Ø Soft я е и ё ю ь Plural: они́ Masculine (о́н) Neuter (оно́) Feminine (она́) Hard стол–ы́ о́кн–а газе́т–ы Soft словар–и́ пла́ть–я неде́л–и Other имен–а́ тетра́д–и The “7-letter spelling rule” • After the letters к, г, х, ж, ч, ш, щ – к, г, х: velar – ж, ч, ш, щ: husher (does not include ц) Never write ы Instead write и карандашы́ руба́шк и́ рюкзак кни́г ру́чк сапог ы ы́ ы ы́ ы и и́ и и и́ Mobile (fleeting) vowels • The vowel in words that end in –ок and –ец (and some others) is usually lost when an ending is added опода́р ки америка́нецы Plurals: regular and irregular • окно́ • до́м • пальто́ • ве́рсия • тетра́дь • кни́га • о́кна • дома́ • пальто́ • ве́рсии • тетра́ди • кни́ги Some plurals reflect the 7-letter spelling rule, some are indeclinable, some are completely regular, and some are irregular. Which are which? Possessives: Neuter ¢ Ybé 5To pagno, Bawe? ° Hét. OHO He Hale. STO erd pagno. Possessives: Feminine ¢ Uba S5To KacceTa, Bala? ¢ Hét. OHA He Halwa. STO ero KaccéTa. Possessives: Plural ¢ Ubu 5TO KYPHavibl, BAN? ° Hét. OHM He Hawn. STO erd KYPHAaNbI. Possessives: Feminine ¢ Ups 5TO urpa, TBOA? ¢ Hét. OHA He MOA. JTO e€ irpa. Possessives: Plural ¢ Ubu 5TO OUKN, TBON? © Het. OHM He mon. STO eé OUKN. Possessive Adjectives Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural (all genders) че́й чьё чья́ чьи́ мо́й моё моя́ мои́ тво́й твоё твоя́ твои́ на́ш на́ше на́ша на́ши ва́ш ва́ше ва́ша ва́ши его́, её, и́х never change Notes: • че́й, мо́й, тво́й are end-stressed • на́ш, ва́ш are stem-stressed • его́, её, и́х never change • его́ is pronounced like ево́ Examples of Adjectives Haw! 40M HOBbIi. «NetTpoBuy»—pycckoe OTYeCTBO. Bawa MalwuHa bonbuaa? Het, OHa Ma/eHbKaa. ST KH UHTepecuHble. The “5-letter spelling rule” • After the letters ц, ж, ч, ш, щ – Stressed о is okay – Unstressed о is replaced by е • nNsg adjectival ending is –ое – Regular: но́вый, но́вое, но́вая, но́вые – Stressed: большо́й, большо́е, больша́я, больши́е • No 5-letter rule – Unstressed: хоро́ший, хоро́шее, хоро́шая, хоро́шие • 5-letter rule mNsg adjective end-stress rule • The ending for the mNsg is –ый when stress does not fall on the ending – но́вый (но́вая) • Like almost all endings, it has a soft variant (–ий) – си́ний (си́няя) • This ending may be modified by the 7-letter rule – америка́нский (америка́нская) • The ending for the mNsg is –о́й when stress falls on the ending – большо́й How to learn adjective endings • Memorize the forms for но́вый (this is the basic paradigm). • Soft adjectives (e.g., си́ний) have exactly the same endings as но́вый, except that they use softening vowel letters. • Adjectives whose stems end in к, г, х, ж, ч, ш, щ (e.g., америка́нский) have exactly the same endings as но́вый, except that they are modified by the 7-letter rule. • Adjectives whose stems end in ц, ж, ч, ш, щ (e.g., хоро́ший) have exactly the same endings as но́вый, except that they are modified by the 5-letter rule (nNsg хоро́шее). • Adjectives with stress on the endings (e.g., большо́й) have exactly the same endings as но́вый, except that the mNsg in –о́й instead of –ый. Adjectives Masculine Neuter Feminine Plural (all genders Regular но́вый но́вое но́вая но́вые 7-letter rule ру́сский ру́сское ру́сская ру́сские 7- and 5-letter rule хоро́ший хоро́шее хоро́шая хоро́шие end stress большо́й большо́е больша́я больши́е naturally soft си́ний си́нее си́няя си́ние 7 7 7 7 7 5 си́ний has a soft stem, so all endings are soft stress By the way … • The 7-letter rule is not just about adjectives. • ы is replaced by и after к, г, х, ж, ч, ш, щ everywhere in the language • (The 5-letter rule is not as general. For now, think of it as a rule about adjective ending.) Practice with adjectives • These books are mine. – Э�ти кни́ги мои́. • These are good books. – Э�то хоро́шие кни́ги. • This is a big university. – Э�то большо́й университе́т. • This university is in Moscow. – Э�тот университе́т в Москве́. Practice with adjectives • This newspaper is mine. – Э�та газе́та моя́. • This letter is scandalous. – Э�то письмо́ сканда́льное. • This is a scandalous book. – Э�то сканда́льная кни́га. • This book is dull. – Э�та кни́га неинтере́сная.