Notes for Exam 3 - Hojas de Repaso | Review of Intermediate Spanish | SPN 250, Study notes of Spanish Language

Download Notes for Exam 3 - Hojas de Repaso | Review of Intermediate Spanish | SPN 250 and more Study notes Spanish Language in PDF only on Docsity! SPN 250 Hojas de repaso, Examen 3 El pretérito perfecto de subjuntivo (present perfect subjunctive): haber + participio pasado (- ado / -ido / irregulares p. 257) ¿Cómo se usa? Spanish (like English) uses the present perfect to talk about what has happened. The present perfect subjunctive is required when the structure of the sentence calls for the subjunctive to be used. Repaso: ¿Cuándo se necesita el subjuntivo? The subjunctive is required when a) there are two clauses, (usually) with two different subjects; b) there is a certain meaning (doubt, emotion, desire, anticipated action, etc.) that triggers the subjunctive. The meaning triggering the subjunctive is introduced in the first (main) clause, the subjunctive appears in the second (subordinate) clause. ¿Cómo se forma? pretérito perfecto (present perfect) de subjuntivo - fill in the blanks with the conjugation of haber in the present tense subjunctive. haya -ar: -ado Los pronombres relativos: que, quien, quienes, el/la/los/las que, el/la/los/las cual(es) ¿Qué son? Relative pronouns are used to connect short sentences or phrases to create longer, more fluid sentences:  El hombre entra por la puerta. El hombre es mi esposo. -> “El hombre que entra por la puerta es mi esposo.” “Que” is the most commonly used relative pronoun. Use “que,” unless there is a preposition or a comma (commas set apart “nonrestrictive clauses:” clauses that give ancillary information about the antecedent). If there is a preposition or a comma, you can use the longer forms el/la/los/las que, el/la/los/las cual(es). Note that these pronouns are marked for number and gender, according to their antecedent:  La telenovela de la cual / de la que hablamos ayer es muy cómica. -er / -ir: -ido If the antecedent is a person, and there is a preposition or a comma, you should use quien/quienes:  Penélope Cruz, de quien hablamos ayer, es de España. OJO: Relative pronouns are often omitted in English. If a relative pronoun is possible in English, it is OBLIGATORY in Spanish. El adjetivo relativo cuyo/a(s): Cuyo (cuya, cuyos, cuyas) means “whose.” Note that it is marked for number and gender with whatever it modifies:  El artista Fernando Botero, cuyos retratos son famosos por todo el mundo, es de Colombia. El lo neutro. The neutral “lo” is used to identify general ideas and characteristics that do not have gender. English expresses this idea by saying “the (adjective) thing.”  “Lo bueno de ser periodista es que pueden informar al público. Lo malo es que los periodistas no son siempre imparciales.”  “The good thing about being a journalist is they inform the public. The bad thing is they are not always unbiased.” To express “the most” or “the least,” use “lo más (adjective/adverb)” or “lo menos (adjective/adverb). “Lo mejor” and “Lo peor” mean “the best/worst thing:”  “Lo mejor de ser famosa es recibir regalos. Lo peor es que los regalos son de mal gusto.”  “The best thing about being famous is getting presents. The worst part is the presents are tasteless.” El futuro perfecto. ¿Cómo se usa? Spanish (like English) uses the future perfect to talk about what will have happened. ¿Cómo se forma? futuro perfecto - fill in the blanks with the conjugation of haber in the future. habré -ar: -ado The indirect object pronoun (me, te, le, nos, les) identifies who the “victim” of the accident is. The verb is conjugated according to the subject (singular or plural): “Se me olvidó la tarea.” -> The homework slipped my mind. “Se le rompieron los vasos.” -> The glasses broke on him. OJO: To clarify or emphasize who the event happened to, the <<se inocente>> is often introduced with “a + name/noun” or “a + pronoun.” Usos del infinitivo. The infinitive form of the verb is used:  After conjugated verbs: “Quiero bailar.”  After prepositions: “Iremos a la discoteca después de cenar.”  After impersonal expressions: “Es bueno celebrar la herencia cultural.”  As the gerund (English: -ing) form of the verb: “Mi pasatiempo favorito es leer.”  In impersonal commands: “No fumar.” Repaso del subjuntivo. Fill in the blanks: the subjunctive usually appears when there are… 1. Two __________________ , often joined by the conjunction “que.” 2. A certain __________________ established in the main clause, such as doubt, emotion, subjective reality, etc. What are some expressions for the following categories that will trigger the subjunctive? Will and influence: Emotion: Doubt, disbelief, denial: The subjunctive is also used after the following adverbial conjunctions. Think of the sort of thing these expressions will introduce, and ask yourself: what do they all have in common?  a menos que, antes de que, con tal de que, en caso de que, para que, sin que Either the indicative or the subjunctive can be used after the following expressions. What is communicated by using the indicative? The subjunctive?  cuando, después de que, en cuanto, hasta que, tan pronto como The imperfect subjunctive is used in “contrary to fact” Si clauses: “Te prestaría el dinero si lo tuviera.” -> I would loan you the money if I had it (but I don’t). OJO: There are two subjunctive verb tenses, the present subjunctive and the imperfect subjunctive. The tense of the verb in the first (main) clause determines the tense of the subjunctive in the second (subordinate) clause. What tense will the subjunctive be in for each of the following tenses in the main clause? Main Clause Subordinate Clause Pretérito Imperfecto Pluscuamperfecto Condicional Condicional perfecto Presente perfecto Presente Futuro Futuro perfecto