Ancient Greek & Roman Architecture: Doric Order, Etruscan Tombs, & Roman Baths - Prof. J. , Study notes of Interior Design

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Exam Two Notes 9/17/09  Archaic period o 600-480 BCE o 1st monumental surviving architecture o Flourishing of vase painting and sculpture o Emergence of fully recognizable Doric order- built by Dorians who had migrated into the Greek mainland from the northeast some 500 years earlier, bringing iron tools o Best surviving examples in Greek colonies in southern Italy  b/c the Greeks established colonies in southern Italy  the temples they built have survived! o The ones in the mainland have not bc of wars  Best examples in Pasteum and Sicily  Sailors from Athens would come through the Italy boot and Sicily up to Paestum o Temple of hera  Ca 550 BCE  Paestum, Italy  One of the earliest expressions of the Doric order  The steps of the foundation are taller than a person standing (in the picture)  35-36 inches high  Doric order  columns that do not have bases (column rests directly on the platform)  the capital has 2 pieces (1) rounded capital (2) square abacus- above capital  above it rests 2 horizontal layers (1) architrave (2) freeze- above architrave (unique in that its made up of alternating triglyths- 3 vertical lifts- which are separated by blank square called metopes o Triglypths are thought to represent an end of the beam o Metope- thought to represent the opening  Wider at the base (opposite of Minoan) o Curvature of column shift is called entetis  Columns mimic the human body- carry heavy weight from the bottom  They do this b/c of the weight of the lintel  All of the column orders are fluted  Triglyth centered over the column o Cella Rooms  Left Small pic  Anta- extended wall in cella  Columns in atis- columns that stand next to the anta  Prostyle- columns stand in front of cella walls  Amphi- prostyle- columns at both ends (not just in front)  Larger picture- Columns in both interior cellas, columns in front of extended wall; columns at both ends, columns that go around the entire temple  Peristyle- columns around the entire temple (aka colonnade)  Periteral temple- one peristyle  Dipteral- double peristyle 9/22/09- (notes from allie)  Archaic Period o C. 600-480 BCE (6th Cent) o Flourishing of vase painting and sculpture o Doric order which is built under the Dorians that came form the Greek mainland from the northeast. They became known as sculptors because they brought with them iron tools. o Best surviving examples in Greek colonies in southern Italy. o Lower left of the Italian boot - Paestum and Sicily is where we find these examples of the earliest Greek buildings. o Sailors come from Athens to Paestum o Paestum, Italy  Temple of Hera, ca. 550 BCE (6th Cent.)  Steps of the base are taller than a person. Scale is very large.  The Doric order is characterized by columns that have no bases. o The column rests directly on the top of the 1st platform. o The top of the column I made of 2 pieces. The First piece looks similar to the pillow with a square abacus. o Fluted column o Above it rests 2 horizontal layers: one that is called the Architrave, and above that is called the Frieze  The Doric frieze is made up of alternating triglyphs. Separated by Metopes (blank squares)  Triglyphes are thought to represent the end of the beam and the metope would represent the opening.  History of columns changes based on proportions  Columns are very fat and they are wider at base than they are at the neck. Shaft curves opposite of Minoan columns. Curvature of column shaft is called the entesis. Entesis is deliberate. For aesthetic reasons.  The columns mimic the human body under compression form carrying heavy weight (the stone resting on top of column).  Triglyph should rest over the center of every column with one in the space in between. Corners are not at the center, they force them to join at corner which marks the Ionic  Doric is earliest order, strong, masculine.  Bulbous capital is getting smaller. More refined. Wide abacus sitting on top of the rounded form of the capital underneath. Capital is large in comparison to the neck of the shaft.  Taper from narrower neck to larger base – entesis. This architecture takes on the feel or something organic.  POST & LINTEL construction.  Flute is curved at the top but has no base.  Temple Floor plan development: o From pre-archaic to the Parthenon o Left  Looks like a Megaron – domestic house plan with porch with 2 columns then a single family room.  Called Temple in Antas  Columns are up against the extended wall Columns that stand between the extension of the wall (anta) is called “columns in antas”. o Middle  Columns stand in front of the porch.  Temple standing on stepped base  When the columns stand in front of the cella extended walls it’s called prostyle temple. Stand in front of the anta walls of the cella. o Right  Columns at both ends amphiprosytle temple.  Same as amphitheater (2 theaters facing each other). o More elaboration, columns moving from between walls, to in front of walls, and then adding back porch so even more elaborate. o Lower Left  Cella on the interior with columns in the interior.  Columns are in front of the wall of the cella. 2 room cella  The interior is an amphiprostyle section with another row of columns that goes around the entire thing.  Double cella, columns inside cella, columns arcos porch on either end, and then columns around the entire thing.  Columns that go around the entire temple are called a “Peristyle.” Aka colonnade.  Temple with a peristyle is a Periteral Temple. o Lower Right  Dipteral Temple – a temple with a double peristyle.  Huge cella that has columns within the cella.  Open-air cella with another temple inside the cella.  Temple within a temple – Prostyle temple.  These figures are standing in a weight-shift position - controposto. Which shows that they understood balance.  Weight bearing leg is on the outside on the corners but the other leg is the weight bearing on the figures in the center. 9/24/09 (caitlin’s notes) -These 2 things are part of a set that began last class- Erechtheion -ca. 421-407 BC -supposed site of the contest between Athena and Poseidon -2 levels to accommodate site -directly across from the Parthanon -odd shape – has to do with fitting into the terrain -female figures in “posture at ease” that serve as columns (“Porch of the Maidens”) -ionic order Temple of Athena Nike -ca. 425 BC -Kallikrates, Architect -most elegant of this set -amphiprostyle -ionic -capitals – corners don’t work well. From the front the scroll is visible, and from the side you only see the end of the scroll -this problem solved with the Corinthian order 4th century Greece -323 BC – death of Alexander the Great -Introduction to the Corinthian order Corinthian Capital Temple of Asklepios Epidauros -4th c. BC -top of flutes finish off in a curve Monument of Lycicrates, Athens -c. 334 BC -cella, peristyle, engaged columns -no interior -built for choir director winning competition (“trophy”) -one of the only surviving examples of the Greek use of the Corinthian architecture Theater, Epidauros -350 – 2nd c. BC -half of an amphitheater -used for theatrical productions today -perfect acoustics, don’t need any sound enhancement -stairs between tiers and entrance ramps so effective that the format is still used today Stoa of Attalos -agora – marketplace - stoa – long, rectangular building - doric – ground level, ionic -2nd level - designed to read from the ground up -the height of a column is directly related to the diameter of its base, so if a column ran the entire height of the building, the base would be too large. That’s why there are multiple levels Model of the Tomb of Mausolus of Halicarnassus -Bodrum, Turkey -352 BC - considered one of the 7 wonders of the ancient world when it was in existence -chariot with 4 horses on top – over life size -huge base - word mausoleum comes from this tomb Hellenistic Era -323 – 146 BC (from death of Alexander to Roman conquest in 146 BC) Nike of Samothrace -Samothrace is one of the islands off of Greece with temple to honor the gods) - Louvre Museum, Paris - c. 190 BC - dramatic – interaction between figure and wind - originally depicted on front of a marble ship – therefore “wet” from the ocean so that her figure can be seen through draped cloth House Plans from Olynthus -Oikos – at the heart of the home - concept still used today in homes, courtyard being the porch and the tendency to have heat near the kitchen Greek Furniture - “Nothing in Excess” - evidence in Greek vases and sculpture (not much furniture has survived) - Furniture was elegant – but not fancy embellishment with a lot of surface decoration. Klismos – wood side chair -Curved back and curved legs -Usually undecorated -Form will be seen later in chairs of the Directoire, Empire, Regency, ect. -Grave Stele of Hegeso (example -c. 410 – 400 BC -5’9” tall Kline beds - Kline/reclining - Greek vase, 5th c. BC - ancestor of chaise lougues - and platform beds Trapeze table (3 legs) t-shaped Funerary Chest from royal tomb, Thessaloniki, Greece -330 BC - boxes for storage Etruscan Heritage -during most of the 6th c. Etruscan kings ruled Rome -Etruscans came to Italy possibly from Asia Minor - built first sewer system for Rome (“cloaca maxima”), walled the city, and built first buildings in the Forum New Range of Building Material -marble – Tuscany – Carrara Query - Travertine - terra cotta brick - Pozzolana (volcanic sand) to mix with lime and water for making concrete - Ashlar masonry (stone cut precisely for its position in the structure) Porta Augusta - 2nd c. BC - Perugia , Italy - Apartments built into the city walls (modern day) - Arch – “the true arch” vs. the corbelled arch – above – horizontal bands with big circles between them alternating with squares - Trigliffs and metapieves - Above – another arch flanked with Corinthian flat columns - Buses go through arch with about 1/8” clearance on either side (present day) Diagram about how the arch is made -voussioir – square wedges - keystone – top, middle wedge -the more weight applied on the arch, the stronger the arch is - frame used to hold other pieces until the keystone is placed, during which the “spring into tension” takes place 9/29/09  Etruscans o Etruscan Tumulus Tombs  Area of Tuscany is volcanic  Tufa stone- soft stone to cut and carve; once its expose to air it becomes very hard; texture like concrete; its actually a porous volcanic stone  Tomb painting- 6th cent BCE  Hunting and fishing themes o Fisherman in a boat o Person with slingshot shooting the birds  very animated images  tomb of the reliefs- 3rd cent BCE  all the surfaces are covered with relief images (pots, pans, etc)  all the architectural details are cut out of the same stone as the reliefs o similar to the rock cut tombs in Egypt- “reserved piers”  reserved piers- columns are attached to the ceiling and floor bc its carved out of the same material o Etruscan templeprostyle temple  Prostyle is an architectural term defining free standing columns that are widely spaced apart in a row. The term is often used as an adjective when referring to the portico of a classical building which projects from the main structure. First used in Etruscan and Greek temples, the Romans later on incorporated this motif in their temples.  This architectural style probably originated in the eastern Greek isles in the 8th century B.C., however there are also many examples in archaic temples in southern Italy.  No room for perastyle  Single center stairway providing axis to the front  Terracotta roof  Beams that support the roof have a terracotta motif on the ends  The columns resemble Knossos because of the colors  Tuscan Columns have bases- unlike the Doric  Columns are heavier at bottom then the top  Sculptural line along the roof line o Tuscan chairs  Curve back around a barrel base  Used for placing of the urns of the deceased  “enthroning” of the ashes  Funerary furniture used in the tombs  Roman Timeline o 8th-4th cent BCE Etruscans flourished  House of the vetii, Pompeii  2nd cent CE  Peristyle with impluvium  Interior walls are elaborately painted  Architectural style painting- images of architecture  Bed with head rest and foot rest; cushion on top o Inlayed patterns on the legs o Higher up than beds today  Floor is also decorated o 4. Imperial palace  Hadrian’s villa, Tivoli (east of rome)  117-38 CE  Island villa- Outdoor room for lunch that was only reached by using a gondola – it was surrounded by water  Romans adopted motifs from greek past, but never felt that needed to copy, they were “inspired” by the Greeks o Greek style fret, mosaic floor, Pompeii  Romans were inspired by this by created a spiral pattern (acanthus on marble pilaste 1st cent CE)  Greeks thought in rectangular form  Romans used arches and leafy botanical forms  Roman furniture o rooms sparsely furnished o inlays of ivory, bone, silver, and gold o beds made of wood or metal, often with animal feet o bronze tripods served as tables o polished bronze plates used as mirrors o braziers ( 3 legged tripod fire area) used for warming rooms o bronze oil lamps used for light o library cabinets used for rolled manuscripts  roman bed vs greek bed o roman- known as a lectus  contained a foot and head rest o greek- known as a kline  only a head rest  roman bronze stool with a cushion o four legged box with a curved seat  roman typical seating- folding chair known as a sella o today “directors” chairs o crossed legs o elaborate ceremonial sella- known as a sella curulis  Stool on an X-shaped base with multiple parallel legs in 2 interlocking sets  Symbol of the authority of a magistrate  Judges, civil authorities, emperor  Became the model for the seat of bishops- the cathedra (ceremonial chair)  Romans liked and used the greek trapeza table, but also introduced pedestal tables with a round or square top  Lighting for domestic interiors were oil lamps hung from the ceiling or a floor pedestal o Bronze, shallow bowls used for floating wicks o Ones hung from the ceiling had intricate glass “lace” details- very fragile  Villa romana del casale o Today known as the Piazza armerina, sicily o 4th cent roman villa o Largest surviving collection of roman mosaics o Almost all mosaics here are floor mosaics o Over 48,000 sq ft of mosaics o Excavations begun in 1929, through early 1930s  Later work in 50s and 70s but much still unexplored 10/8/ 09- Roman Antiquity to Early Christian Era  Early Christian Art o Pox Romania peace o Embedded in the holy land in the near east o Embedded in roman culture within the 1st century (apostles peter and paul came to rome to be missionaries and were martyred in rome in the 1st cent)  Elements of the transition o At the time of the birth of christianity, rome sees it as a cult, it’s one of the many of the mystery cults  Cult meaning there are ceremonies/rituals that are only open to the members of the cult o Christianity is not publicly recognized o We have to wait approx 300 years for Christians to publicly practice their faith in rome  No churches in the early stages b/c it was illegal  First churches appear in the 4th century  Emperor Constantine 337 CE o 1st early Christian emperor- only baptized Christian on his death bed  It was probably a political movement  His mother was a devout Christian (Hellena) o Taxes paid to emperor by lands that were conquered were used for building churches o Picture in slide show- Image of power and authority; not a portrait; stood for his presence  Figure was probably about 3 stories tall (30 ft)  Eyes were 2 ft in diameter  Head is about 8 to 9 ft tall  Insertion of authority/power  Constantine had a broken nose from battle which is shown in all the images of him (it shows him as a warrior) o In small towns there were monuments of the emperor o 313 CE- Edict of Milan was issued by Constantine  It’s the official neutrality toward christianity o 334 towards the end of his life, Christianity will be established as the state religion o 324 christianity is the official practice of rome o House churches- places were the “members” would gather  22 have been identified in modern times- they have been excavated  Some have been found underneath churches today o No burials were allowed within the cities (health issue)  Everybody was buried outside city walls o Roman authorities monitored the building and maintenance of the cementaries  Hence why Christians would have secret ceremonies in the catacombs  Catacomb plan- catacomb of domitilla o Layers begin to criss cross each other o 400 sq miles of tombs outside of rome’s wall that have yet to be excavated  Catacomb plan- catacomb of calixtus, 200 CE o Corridors- long horizontal shelves were bodies were placed o Catacomb gallery with “loculi” (carved out shelves for burials) o Corridors are very narrow o Long corridor that they would carved out a horizontal rectangular opening where the body would be laid and then a stone would seal the enclosure o When this was full an adjacent corridor was built and then after it was filled out horizontal corridors would be made, once it was filled then they would go beneath and start all over again o Oldest tombs are the ones closest to the top o 5th-7th cent the catacombs were vandalized by barbarians o 410 people of rome decided to bring the early martyrs to bring them into the city at churches o Chapel of the sacraments 3rd century  Paintings/images that survived on the walls near the shelves  Extremely small images o Crypt of the popes 3rd century- another chapel  7 popes were buried here  More grandeur  Columns carved out  Practice is still the same  Catacomb of Commodilla, late 4th cent o Lots of new testament images o More images from the old testament than NT o Not a single imagery of the crucifixion of Christ  Odd because these are martyrs (people who have suffered for their faith, like Christ was) o They did not a literal concept of the story of the crucifixion o What was most important to the Christian community was their faith and hope in the constancy of Christ o This imagery has to do with what God is o Moses striking the rock- located on the left of the image shown in the slideshow  Catacomb of Priscilla o Rome 2nd century o Female orant o “orant” comes from “ora” to ask for petitions (roman word)  Position is standing with hands raised  Now understood as a form of prayer  Catacomb of peter and marcellinus o Rome 4th cent o Good shepherd, orants, story of jonah o Ceiling painting that is made up of a center medallion with half circles surrounding it o Center image is most common- Christ’s good shepherd  Based on greek god Apollo who is fearless  Appropriate to represent Christ as an Apollo because: o Apollo- sun god o Apollo chariot crosses from east (morning) to west (night) o Apollo seen as god of light/life o Attributes of Christ – “the light of the world”  Each portrait you see is depicted differently  What is important is “who is Christ” not “what he looks like”  Pan- cliffed hoved half man half goat--- not positive on this information  God is not referred to this because he is not evil  Orpheus- great greek musician  His music was able to tame the wild beast  Christ as Orpheus- the good shepherd o Story of jonah surrounding the center image  Type of death and resurrection of Christ  Jonah falls overboad, stays in belly of whale for 3 days, he is spit out onto land  It is a prefiguration of the story of the resurrection of Christ o Layout is derived from what was being painted in roman houses  Composition is almost identical to what we will see in the interior of houses  Other examples of this layout:  Catacomb of callixtus o Rome mid 3rd cent o Daniel in the lion’s den o Crypt of lucina  3rd style roman painting- painting in a square surrounding by another square  “ornate style”  Coemeterium Maius, Rome 4th cent  Plan of Old St. Peter’s o Built to commemorate the site of the apostle peter o In cemetery over tomb of peter o Transept marks the tomb, thus making a “Cross form” church o Where peter was martyred is where st peter’s is located o From time of death of peter 64 until end of 2nd cent there was identification of his tomb  It was simply passed down by word of mouth of the Christians who wanted to visit it o Typical roman basilica  Rectangular shape with an apse at top