Neurobiology & Behavior: Neuronal Summation, Neurotransmission, Neuroanatomy - Prof. M. K., Study notes of Psychology

Download Neurobiology & Behavior: Neuronal Summation, Neurotransmission, Neuroanatomy - Prof. M. K. and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Bio Psych 1-27-11 temporal summation - the process through which repeated stimuli have a cumulative effect (several impulses from one neuron over time) spatial summation -The process through which synaptic input from several locations can have a h.... (impulses from several neurons at the same time) action potential travels along axon the neuron that delivers the synaptic transmission- pre-synaptic receives message --post synaptic graded potential that decays over time/space- excitatory post synaptic enough EPSwhatevers cumulate to depolarized blah blah temporary hyper polarization of a membrane-IPSP potassium (+) leave chloride (-) enter 2 motor neurons excitatory -flexor the likelihood of an action potential depends on EPSP’s what kind of profile a firing inputs at different times because 1 EPSP has to go though 2 synapses where other only has 1 IPSP decreases chance of action potential from happening the periodic production of action potentials regardless of synaptic input-spontaneous firing rate vegas nerve- parasympathetic system(calms the body down system) nitric oxide -retrograde transmitter that slows further release from presynapse catecholamines -dopamine epinephrine norepinephrine chemical that breaks down excess transmitters- mao how is exocytosis triggered? - action potential synapses held in place by- proteins they also some NT attach receptors and immediately open ion channels -ionotropic rely on glutamate and GABA NT attach to receptor and make slower metabolic reactions-metabatropic neuromodulators- requires a lot of stimulation to release them but once done they go everywhere hormone can pass the blood brain barrier negative feeedback in the brain accomplished in 2 ways 1)receptors that inhibit further syntheis and release- auto-receptors 2) DOPAMINE- addictive substances increase activity in certain parts of the brain olds and milner (1954) placed rats sex gambling video games releases dopamine inhibit GABA= release of dopamine memorize chart chapter 3 page70 or something alcohols inhibits sodium across the membrane expansion of surface of membranes decrease serotonin blockage of glutamate receptors increases dopamine activity=addictive alcoholism type1/A-----stress type 2/B-----younger/drink more (men/criminals) drug abuse changes nucleus accumbens and prefrontal cortex organization genes influence alcoholism bc of dopamine type 4 receptor control of COMT enzyme that breaks down dopamine antabuse and methadone prevents alcoholism 2/3/11 Chapter 4 Anatomy of the nervous system neuroanatomy=anatomy of the nervous system KNOW ALL TERMS IN REGARDS TO LOCATION ON BODY (AND PLANES)!!!!!****** horizontal-from above sagittal- from side coronal -from front central nervous system- spinal cord/brain peripheral nervous system-somatic/autonomic Sympathetic/parasympathetic H area in spinal cord=gray matter (cell bodies/dendrites) around h area(gray matter)=White matter(myelinated axons) dorsal roots carry sensory info 3)myelination- process through which the fatty sheath covers axons of some neurons occurs gradually for decades first occurs ---spinal cord->hindbrain->midbraind->forebrain 4)synaptogenesis-final stage of neural development/formation of synapses between neurons if neuron is not connected it dies* NEW NEURONS FORMED ALL THE TIME- hippocampus ones in new memories stem cells olfactory receptor neurons olfactory receptors need to be replenished because they die a lot- because so much stuff in the air SPERRY worked with NEWTS! Axons follow chemical trail to reach target neural Darwinism-ones go where they are supposed to —survive 2 types of stroke 1)ischemia-most common, -from blood clot/obstruction of artery Treament-tPA-tissue plasminogen activator-does not work for hemorrhage !! 2)hemorrhage-from ruptured artery-probably going to die crosses blood brain barrier both cause EDEMA- accumulation of fluid in the brain penumbra- shadow of dying from stroke area of event block glutamates open potassium channels cooling the brain reduces damage to brain-reduces inflammation(which kills neurons) email the professor about recovery after stroke talk next Tuesday- cannabanoids-anti inflammatories omega 3 fatty acids duing development inappropriate connections die phantom limb feelings due to collateral sprouting (ex: sensory axons from face) type exams short answers and long answers paragraph for short answers ½ inch margins 12 font times new roman multiple choice green scantron 2/17/11 Chapter 6 Vision Cones- most common in FOVEA rods-most common in EYE don’t need detailed peripheral vision color blindness on X chromosome 3/10/11 endocrine system- communication system of the body –system of glands that secrete hormone=(molecule secreted by glands into blood stream going to particular target)-when at target need receptor! Class- Steroids sex steroids hormones Estrogens(estradiol), androgens(testosterone/dht), progestins(progesterone) Synthesis-all synthesized from cholesterol molecule Key enzymes- aromatase and 5-alpha-reductase(converts testosterone to dht) Once sex steroids released 3 choices 1)bind to membrane receptors 2)enter cells 3)bind to nuclear receptors organizational=long term effects(prenatally) activational=short term effects (adulthood)-menstrual cycle sexual differentiation- chromosomal sex-gonads=defined phenotype-penis/vagina normal males- 46 XY females –46 XX male Y chromosome-SRY genes causes development of male gonads 3/4 months of pregnancy-key to differentiation=testosterone early stages- both sexes have set of Mullerian(female) and Wolffian ducts(male)- which turn into genitalia masculinization- genes/hormones make man manly-get rid of mullerian system defeminization-anti mullerian hormone SRY-gene on Y chromosome that make male a male gene DAX-1 - on x chromosome-develops ovaries what happens when something follows an alternative path during sexual differentiation?? Androgen insensitivity syndrome(AIS)-complete/partial 1 in 10,000 affected internal male anatomy and external female anatomy testes usually removed bc become cancerous Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) Dysfunction of an enzyme involved in steroid hormone synthesis increased androgens 1 in 16,000 rodents sexual differentiation=different than humans aromatase conversion aromatization and alpha fetoprotein 3/24/11 Internal Regulation