Download Notes on Hyperthyroidism - Fundamentals of Physiology | BMS 360 and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! 4 April Gravesโ disease Hyperthyroidism Hypothalamus โ โ TRH โ no stimulus Anterior pituitary โ โ TSH Thyroid gland enlarges โ โ T3, T4 Strong negative feedback to hypothalamus and anterior pituitary Results in goiter Autoimmune disease Hyperthyroidism Increases oxygen consumption and metabolic heat production Increase protein catabolism and may cause muscle weakness Hyperexcitable reflexes and psychological disturbances Influence ฮฒ-adrenergic receptors in the heartadrenergic receptors in the heart Exophthalmus, caused by hypertrophy of tissues in the eye socket, is a sign of hyperthyroidism Objectives Understand the hypothalamic-adrenergic receptors in the heartpituitary regulation of growth hormone control Understand how bone formation and resorption occurs Understand the connection between bone formation and calcium balance Know how plasma calcium levels are regulated by hormones Understand the role of vitamin D in calcium plasma regulation Normal Growth Growth hormone and other hormones An adequate diet Absence of stress Genetics Tissue and Bone Growth Tissue growth requires hormones GH and IGFs required for protein and cell division Thyroid hormone plays permissive role Insulin supports tissue growth Bone growth requires adequate dietary calcium Figure 11.26 โ Long bone during growth Epiphyseal growth plate โ active proliferating cartilage Osteoblast โ turn cartilage into bone Chondrocytes โ synthesize new cartilage in center growth plate Growth continues until closure of growth plate at puberty = epiphyseal closure Shaft = diaphysis Figure 11.29 โ Cross section through piece of bone Osteoblast โ bone forming Osteocytes โ osteoblasts surrounded by calcified matrix Osteoclasts โ break down bone (bone resorption). Secrete hydrogen ions and hydrolytic enzymes Crystal โ hydroxyapatite
