Relationship Building: Albatross, Insects, and Human Bonding - Prof. Kari Adamsons, Study notes of Psychology

Download Relationship Building: Albatross, Insects, and Human Bonding - Prof. Kari Adamsons and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! Bgpurzycki.wordpress.com/anth1000 Intro to Anthro Socio Cultural Linguistic Applied dimension of Anthropology -Applied Anthropologists apply studies to change the world. Archaeology Physical Academic Anthropology -Anthropology is the scientific study of Human Nature. <- DEBATEABLE -Anthropology AS the scientific study of Human Nature. -what are the best ways to find this out? -Central question is: why do Humans do the things they do? This course's breed of Anthropology -Hypothesis -> statement that can be tested -Theory -> statement that has been tested before. (already knowledge) -Scientific method -> Theory vs. Hypothesis -Minimizing influences of biases. -Probabilistic -Systematic -Empirical (vs. Inferential) -Testable (vs. immune from refutation) -Driven by skepticism and uncertainty -i.e. Not scientific to judge a whole population based on two instances (such as Uconn drivers sucking). -Sound Logic with Support Methods of Anthropology **We don’t want you to believe what we tell you this semester, we want you to criticize and be skeptical about it. -Distinct from moral relativism. -Cultural Relativism -Context as crucial -Holistic -Comparative -Participant observation -Problems of interpretation -You also question your own culture Methods of Anthropology Class # 1 Wednesday, January 26, 2011 6:43 PM ANTH 1000 Page 1 Why do people do the things they do? Proximate (mechanistic) Ontogenetic (learned/developed) Phylogenetic (historical) Ultimate (Adaptive) -Levels of answering why? Niko Tinbergen's 4-fold Explanatory model. -Psychological explanations for behavior. -Traditional cultural anthropology typically focuses on proximate causes for human behavior. Proximate (mechanistic) -Many cases a false dictionary. -Learned (culture) vs. developed (biological) Ontogenetic -Historical Phylogenetic -Increases the likelihood that one's genes replicate. -Minimizes the likelihood that one's genes don’t replicate. -How a behavior affects fitness. -Don’t have to be conscious -Things can be maladaptive -Watch out for "just-so stories" Ultimate level of explanation (evolutionary -Descent with modification -Nature "selects" those traits which positively affects survival and reproduction (a value we call fitness) -Changes in gene frequencies through time -Also means each other -"Nature" means more than just environment Evolution by Natural Selection -Gene is a unit of heredity -Organism as vehicles for their genes -Looking at evolution from a "gene's eye view" -Genes design organism to increase the likelihood that they replicate Dawkin's "selfish gene" -Similar composition suggests shared ancestor -The fossil record! -Field studies -Genes! Evidence for Evolution -"highly evolved" -Myth :It's progressive! -Fact: every individual do not have to have a trait to be deemed adaptive. -Fact: every thing does not happen for the best! -No evidence found for it to be true -Group Selection -Myth: It's "for the good of the species" or the "group" Myths about Evolution -Subsection of natural selection Sexual Selection -"I prefer men with a sense of humor" -"I prefer quieter women" -"I prefer men who show promise" -"I do not want a girlfriend who is taller than I am!" -What it… Why do the objects of our "tastes" signal? Class # 2 Wednesday, January 26, 2011 7:27 PM ANTH 1000 Page 2 -Ultimately linked to biology (i.e. genes) -Information that’s already there (i.e. don't need to teach children what it is) -Informational Encapsulation -Specific range of information -Domain Specific -Can’t consciously manipulate it -Inaccessible -The sun! -The Earth! -Table and ball trick -Solid bodies Naïve Physics -Immutable -Eternal -Internal essence -Tools -Species -Individuals -Populations Essentialism Müller-Lyer Illusion -Aren’t fooled! -Learned? -Innate? -Why not? **Suku(Zaire) and !Kung San of the Kalahari** -the stuff it “shapes” is already there -and the relationship is not one-way -Our worlds may influence our perceptions, but -Let see how this works, shall we? Why the Innate vs. Learned Dichotomy is Problematic -Intellectual Defense against the Dark Arts LOGICAL FALLACIES -People who tell the truth, those who lie, and those who value the truth -> value the truth -Bull-shitters do no value the truth -What’s the difference between “truth” and a “lie”? Harry Frankfurt (2006) -Is the argument supported with evidence? -Are subjective biases influence the outcome? (i.e. you are a democrat, a democrat states something you do not believe, but you will support it because it is a democrat) -Are the premises sound? -Is the logic sound? -Are assumptions of argument verified? -Begging the question? Evaluating and Making Arguments Premise1: All UConn students are humans. Premise2: All humans are mortal. Conclusion: Therefore, all UConn students are mortal. Sound Premises + Sound Logic P1: Some profs at UConn are anthropologists. P2: Some anthropologists are boring. C: Some profs at UConn are boring. Sound Premises + Poor Logic P1: Either we are all doomed or we are all saved P2: We are not all saved. C:Therefore, we are all doomed. Bad Premises + Sound Logic Basic Examples of Logical Arguments ANTH 1000 Page 5 -Fallacies are defects in reasoning that weaken arguments. -Attempts to persuade with poor argumentation rather than evidence and sound reasoning. -Attempts to portray reality as matters of truth and/or quality -Often not logically fallacious, but appeal to various emotions, trends, etc. -Many overlap -Often premises to arguments What is a Logical Fallacy? -Well, we evolved that way, so it’s got to be right. -Just because it’s natural, it’s better Naturalistic Fallacy -Example: "I know I attended class only 20% of the time, but a good friend died. Can I have an Incomplete?" -Example: You are the most drop-dead gorgeous woman I’ve ever seen. Can I have your phone number? Appeal to Pity or Flattery -If you say that again, I’ll bust you in the chops. -Say “I’m guilty” or you’ll be drawn and quartered. Argumentum Ad Baculum (Appeal to Force) -This class should be as easy as all of my other 1000 level classes. -True or good by virtue of popular opinions or beliefs. Ad Populum (Appeal to Majority) -You shouldn’t believe Bush, he’s a moron. -Against the person making argument rather than argument. -Not to be confused with criticism! Ad Hominem -"Guilty as charged!" "Yeah, but the judge snorts coke too!" -"Smoking cigarettes is a filthy habit." Dude, you smoke. -"You too” fallacy. -It does NOT mean saying one thing and doing another. -Hypocrisy is: pretending to be or believe something that one is not or does not. Tu Quoque -Example: If we allow same-sex marriage, then soon people will be allowed to have sex with children and animals and shoes and plants and then chaos will ensue and then the world will end. -If we end prohibition on marijuana, we’ll have a society of heroin junkies and crack heads on our hands. -Definition: The arguer claims that an inevitable causal chain reaction will happen if X happens Slippery Slope -You’re either with us or with the terrorists! -Presents a dilemma as though there are only two choices. -Do or do not, there is no try. -there are actually many sides. -An argument has “two sides”. -Bifurcation: False Dichotomy NORMAL, EVOLVED MINDS GETTING IN THE WAY -Compared to what? -People from Connecticut drive like maniacs. -Definition: Deriving conclusive generalizations based on too few cases or examples. Hasty Generalization Class # 4 Tuesday, February 08, 2011 8:29 PM ANTH 1000 Page 6 -Compared to what? -"Our results show that receiving welfare check is correlated with unemployment. Therefore, welfare causes unemployment." -"With this, therefore because of this" -Does NOT mean that correlations are logical errors! Cum Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc -"I didn’t get sick after taking vitamin supplements on a plane, so the supplements clearly work." -"I saw a witch doctor and then a week later my brother died. The witch doctor killed my brother." -"After this, therefore because of this" Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc -Appeal to irrelevant authority -Appeal to authority…period -Expertise, not authority. -Something is not true by virtue of the authority of one who says it. Ad Verecundiam (Appeal to Authority) -Example: "People have been trying for centuries to prove that aliens exist. But no one has yet been able to prove it. Therefore, aliens do not exist." -Do this instead: We have no evidence of the existence of aliens. So, we can’t say if they do or do not exist. -"People have been trying for years to prove that aliens do not exist. But no one has yet been able to prove it. Therefore, aliens exist." -It takes a lot of honesty and courage to say “I don’t know” in a context where you feel pressured to be any other way. Ad Ignorantiam (Appeal to Ignorance) -"Benjamin Purzycki says that everything is innate!" -Falsely construct and attribute a more extreme argument to your opponent and critique that. Straw Man Argument P1: I am nobody. P2: Nobody is perfect. C: Therefore I am perfect! -Example: The !Kung San are members of a different culture than us, but we only have cultural differences with Amherst students -Inconsistency in use of terms Equivocation P1: God exists because it says so in the Bible. P2: The Bible is the Word of God C: Therefore, God exists. Circular Reasoning -"I think you plagiarized in your assignment and here’s my evidence."….."Stop using ad hominem arguments to attack me!" -"Students who argue that tuition should be lowered do not see that those fees go to very much-needed development projects. It’s the only logical solution to growth." -People often appeal to the authority of logic as well Be Careful ANTH 1000 Page 7 -Ad hominem: Attacking the person -Ad verecundiam: Appeal to authority -Because the powerful do. -Fine reasoning, but what about the premise? -Because it‘s difficult to succeed if you don‘t. -Ranch hand in Perryton, Texas -His daughter went to the final round of the national spelling bee. -It‘s impractical to learn it privileging his work over language competence -"the cows [I spend my] days with don't speak English either." -20 years in the U.S. Ubaldo Arenivar -January 21st2008 -The people who lose their language lose a sense of who they are. -We lose glimpses of what it means to be human in a particular social context. -If language is the expression of a worldview, we potentially lose a worldview. -The death of languages Last Eyak Speaker Dies at 89: Mary Smith Jones ANTH 1000 Page 10 Family, Sex, Gender, & Marriage -r= degree of relatedness -B= benefits gained by receiver -C= cost to giver -r (B)-C> 0 -Example: If a brother (r=.5) sacrifices his own reproduction (C=1) for you, B≥2 (fitness benefits must at least double) -William Hamilton’s Rule: -Remember Tinbergen! -What happens when the degree of certainty fluctuates? Kin Selection & Inclusive Fitness -VERY! How Confident is Your Mother that You are Hers? -1 in 25 children in developed countries -30% mothers are single -15% fathers are not biological father -220,000 tests per year in US alone -Sweden study? -Infanticide: 70% higher chance of infanticide if with step-parent Dads and Paternity (Un)Certainty -Secondary paternity -Material benefits -Psychological benefits -Using uncertainty to their advantage Motilone Bari of Venezuela -humans and pilot whales -Two species undergo menopause -Senescence evolved -Grandmothers allow earlier weaning -Great Apes (8-10 years) -3-10 years in pilot whales (prop. to age) -Inter-birth Interval -Grandmother Hypothesis Grandmothers -Rural Gambia from 1950—1974 -Grandmother’s presence decreased child mortality by half -Ruth Mace and Rebecca Sear -Japanese village from 1671—1871 -boys 52% less likely to die in childhood when a maternal grandmother lived in the house. -Cheryl Jamison -Maternal Grandmothers -Benefits of Matrilocality -Guess how pilot whale families are organized Grandmothers -Sicilian Mafia (setta) (Paoli) -Are we a family or a business? -Black Kings of Chicago (set) (Venkatesh& Levitt) Fictive Kin: Case Studies Class # 6 Wednesday, February 16, 2011 12:23 AM ANTH 1000 Page 11 -Are we a family or a business? -Crack dealers in Spanish Harlem (Bourgois) -Suicide Bombers -Extended Families -Sedentism facilitates extended families -Agriculture as predictor -Paramount advantages are economic -Nimkoff & Russell (1960) Extended Families: Argument for Why They Might Work -Hopi (nya mu)—sedentary, economically motivated extended families -Sioux (tiospaye)—nomadic, militarily & economically motivated extended family Extended Family Systems: Two Case Studies -"Foundation” of Hopi society not nuclear family, but matrilocal clan -Women as descendents from a single ancestress who founded clan -All property held in the clan in perpetuity The Nya Mu -Male-based theocracy (secret societies) -Religious Clans -Men work land & tend sheep -the interpretation of tradition -the articulation of custom -the application of existing beliefs in new situations -Public affairs Traditional Hopi Males -Matrilineal descent -Matrilocal residence pattern -Control and own the home, land, seeds, and produce -If husband is disgruntled and builds a house, wife and her clan owns it -Hopi men asking for permission to give food away to mother and sisters -If wife wants a divorce, shoes go outside the door -Shared parenting of children and nieces (Ina for both mother and mother’s sisters Hopi Women -intermediate levels of complexity” -60% of agricultural societies -44% of hunter-gathering societies -Incompatible activity requirements -Prediction: matrilocality = external warfare requires women to do at least as much as men in primary subsistence -Pasternak, Ember, Ember (1997) -Hopi as exception, but what about Lakota? Matrilocality -Band Leaders chosen for war record and generosity -Patrilineal head of family (Atefor father and father’s brothers) -Monogamy still valued -Polygyny among more influential and successful -speaking taboo -Bi-or neolocal residence depending on level of influence of parents -Kolapi (fictive kin) -Extended family as militarily advantageous Tiospaye: Men -Oglala history regarding matrilocality in event of death or divorce -Women owned everything except husband’s medicine, hunting and war materials -Ties through blood, marriage, and adoption Tiospaye: Women ANTH 1000 Page 12 Building Blocks of Relationships - Chapter 1 What is intimacy? -Knowledge -Caring -Interdependence -> thinking in terms of how actions affect partner (not thinking as one person) -Mutuality -> thinking about us -Trust -Commitment 6 characteristics of Intimacy: Need to Belong -Boumiester & Leary, 1995 p.501 Quality over quantity• What rather than who• If need is not met, people suffer.• Evolutionary adaptive behavior.• Humans are social creatures. We need "regular social contact with those to whom we feel connected. Age at first marriage is older.• Fewer people are marrying.• More people are cohabiting before marriage.• Most children live in single parent home at some point. • More marriages end in divorce. • Most mothers work outside the home.• Most women are not currently married.• Historical changes in relationships 1960 vs. today Does "cohabitation" work? Short answer: NO -Cohabiters are less traditional ( self-selection). -Cohabiters are less committed -> more conflict , more infidelity. -Higher risk of break-up than marriage, esp. over time. -Longer cohabitation -> less likely to marry and more accepting of divorce, less positive views of marriage. -WHY?? Cohabitation before marriage makes people more (not less) likely to divorce. Socioeconomic development• Individualism• Advances in technology• -High: more men than women -Low: more women than men Sex ratio• What led to these changes? Technology and Relationships -I'm so totally, digitally close to you. More "ambient awareness" of others . -Eliminates nonverbal cues, which is tough! -Much of interactions/relationships are far more public, thanks to cell phones, camera phones, Facebook, blogs, etc. ((Is this good or bad??)) -More impersonal/detached endings to relationship Fewer face to face interactions. Class # 2 Wednesday, January 26, 2011 12:37 PM HDFS 1060 Page 15 Attachment Secure -> Secure ( baby - moms back everything is ok)• Anxious-ambivalent -> preoccupied (baby - moms back but don’t believe everything will be ok)• Avoidant -> Fearful or Dismissing (baby- depend on themselves - push mom away)• *A high percent (75%) stay that way into adult hood* *Avoidant goes into one of two categories: a. pessimistic view or b. optimistic view of being alone. * 3 Different Attachment Styles Early relationship experiences shape expectation for later relationships Avoidance of intimacy/Anxiety about abandonment• View of self/view of others • Two possible sets of dimensions Can be Influenced by temperament/ personality ( but not completely determined by it). Transmitted intergenerationally. Can be (re)trained. Sets you on a path, but its not set in stone. Match between partners can be important. Low ----- Anxiety Over Abandonment ---- High SECURE PREOCCUPIED Low | | Avoidance of Intimacy | | High DISMISSING FEARFUL Positive View of Self Negative View of Self Positive View of Others SECURE PREOCCUPIED Negative View of Others DISMISSING FEARFUL Why Does Attachment Matter? More positive beliefs and expectations. Better communication. Better at coping and caring for others. Better sex. Better personal well-being. Higher relationship satisfaction. Sex Differences Not really!• Really few sex differences between men and women.• They are more different from themselves than they are from each other. • Are men really from Mars and women really from Venus? Class # 3 Monday, January 24, 2011 12:43 PM HDFS 1060 Page 16 They are more different from themselves than they are from each other. • Sex Differences? Or Sex Similarities? Statistical vs practical differences• Most "differences" are very small I.e., if we compared all of the men in this room, they would be more different from each other then from the "average" women in the room.• Men and women are far more different from others of their same sex then from each other. Overlap is dramatic, so some will always be higher and lower than the "average" member of the other sex. "Other", not the "Opposite" sex. Gender Differences Sex- biological aspect Gender - social aspect (gender roles) Sex Vs. Gender Most "sex differences" are taught and learned, not biological' Gender roles and gender stereotypes Masculine vs. feminine Instrumental is goal driven• Expression is more emotional• Instrumental vs. expressive traits Being androgynous - being a mix of the two: masculine and feminine or instrumental and expressive. Contrived incompatibility - artificial ( keeping the mindset that we have to be opposites), making differences where there does not need to be. Relationships strive on similarities. Personality Personality is relatively stable over the life course Extraversion (openness)• Agreeableness• Conscientiousness (work ethic) (i.e. making sure relationship is a high quality one)• Neuroticism (negative trait)• Openness to experience (i.e. change, adjustment, etc.)• Big Five traits Some people make better partners than others -Some people bring out the best in us, others the worst Some influence of relationships on personality -Also relationships change you. Some people bring the best out of you, and some bring the worse out of you (this one is an unh ealthy relationship). *Some people are more compatible. Some make it easier to be in a relationship with them. Some just make better partners.* HDFS 1060 Page 17 -Problem: information can be unique, especially for one point in time, can be only on one type of people, answers may change o ver time. -One-time data collection (one group of people, and talk to them only one time.. i.e. a one time survey) (do not need to be speci fic about anything) -Cross-sectional research (multiple groups of people and talk to them only one time) -Longitudinal research (one group of people and follow them multiple times) -Sequential research (multiple groups of people and follow them multiple times) -Problem: information given is barely accurate this way. People put lenses over things that they remember. -Retrospective research (tell groups to think back) ( one point in time) i.e. think back to freshmen year, think back to first getting married, etc. Research and Time -Problem: Not in natural setting, not a realistic environment, so how you act in that setting might not be the same way you ac t in the real world. -Laboratory settings (gives a clear, not natural, artificial setting) -Problem: No control like you would have in the lab, there will be things interfering with what you really want to observe, it might not even happen. -Naturalistic settings (go out and watch people in their natural settings) -Structured vs. Unstructured tasks (S: ask people to do certain things, i.e. ask mother to read a certain book to child) (UnS: leave things around and see what they do, i.e. leave toys around and see what mother and child choose to so) -Real vs. Role-play Research Settings -ex. Measure of relationship satisfaction, some may ask a lot of partners, some may ask one question like how often you talk t o your partner today -Validity ( are we measuring what we think we are measuring) *not as obvious as you think* -Reliability (are we measuring the same thing over time) -Data quality -Self-report (you are telling me something about yourself) -Other report -Observations (give an objective point of view, but may not be accurate) *people have different views on situations, so one ma y not understand it like you would) -you may say you are fine and your body actions show otherwise -Physiological (can give data based on body responses) -Archival material (data from archives) -Gives an overall view on all studies on a subject -Meta analysis (takes each study and treats it like one participant) -Types of Data Data Characteristics -Participant interpretation of questions and the situation does not always match your own -Self-serving bias (unintentionally make ourselves look better) -Social desirability (intentionally make ourselves look better/ we know what you want to hear) -Reactivity (happens in observational research/ people know they are being observed, so they are more aware of their own actio ns) -Recall bias (we are not always accurate, related to the retrospective research) -Bias Problems with Data -understanding the things we do will affect the people we research -How do we balance scientific inquiry and the value of knowledge with the privacy of couples and not causing undue stress? Ethics Class # 6 Monday, January 31, 2011 12:55 PM HDFS 1060 Page 20 Attraction-Chapter 3 -Dating and mate selection is based on biology and evolution -What do men want? (physically attractive women) -What do women want? (rich, supportive men) -Physical beauty signifies physical and mental health Sociobiological Theory Propinquity/Proximity1. Social Background2. Attraction3. Family/Peer Influences4. Habits5. Then: Selected Partner Filter Theory -Marriage Gradient (women marry up and men marry down)[age, wealth, social status] (women with high status gets squeezed out -difficult to find someone equal or above them) (men with low status and low education also get squeezed out- difficult to find someone below them) -The “Marriage Squeeze” -Distance does make a difference -Propinquity/Proximity -Familiarity vs. over-exposure Constraints on Attraction -Direct rewards v. Indirect rewards -Beauty’s halo effect -Some cultural variation in associated values -Beautiful people are rewarded Rewards -To some extent, yes ((If we didn’t find people beautiful we wouldn’t have pageant and etc.) -Some personal preferences (*we can have these preferences since childhood) -Great cross-cultural consensus over standards of beauty (e.g., global beauty contests) -Similar preferences exist even in infancy But mostly, no Is Beauty In the Eye of the Beholder? -Signifies good physical health and fertility -Both sexes prefer symmetry -“Average” is attractive What is Beautiful? Men’s preferences for women -> hour glass figure, youthful features, shorter women Women’s preferences for men-> broad shoulders, narrow waist, taller men, rich, chiseled masculine features.. Sometimes (when ovulating and fertile), women's preferences change based on the time of month, want a baby face caring man when they are not ovulating and fertile. Class # 7 Friday, February 04, 2011 12:57 PM HDFS 1060 Page 21 **During renaissance attractive was … fatter.. Fatter = wealth and money to eat. -Historical Period-> what we find attractive now is not the same as before -Ethnicity-> has strong influence on who we find attractive. -Gender-> physical attractiveness is what you see first earlier on. -Personality->People with high self monitors care about what people think about them. (value beauty in their partner) People with low self monitors care less about what people think of them. Influences on Perceptions of Beauty **Marilyn Monroe-> was a size 14.. She was a sex symbol.** -People who are attractive get the perks, especially early on -But, beauty has its costs (people who are attractive are non trusting) -The harsh truth is that if someone is judged as being “unattractive,” their warmth, kindness, and sense of humor might never get a chance to matter -Contrast effect (comparing oneself to others, can make you feel better or worse) -Matching (pairing up with people who are similarly attractive to you) Beauty and Interactions -People are reluctant to risk rejection -Desirability = Attractiveness x Probability of Acceptance -Balance: You like each other equally **Note to self: Playing hard to get isn’t a good idea!** Reciprocity -Principle of homogeneity-> "Birds of a feather, tend to flock together" -People tend to be attracted to those with similar characteristics: (race, age, sex, etc.) ** Core values need to be similar for a good relationship** -Should have similar attitudes, even if different interests -People frequently partner with someone who has a similar personality Similarity -Generally speaking, they don’t -Often what seem like “opposites” are matched on overall social worth (mate value) – people “trade” assets -You don’t have to be married to your twin to be similar -Similarity (and dissimilarity) takes time to discover -Fatal attractions-> little things you like about someone when you first meet them, and then get annoying later on. What about Opposites Attracting? -Idealized others (we can very attracted to others who we wish to be) -People growing more similar (more you hang around someone you will deemphasize the things that are different and emphasize the things that are similar) -Complementarity (sometimes its good for two people to not be too similar) Balance between someone who is dominate in one thing and one who is laid back in that thing, sometimes. **Closing Time-> when it gets closer to closing time, rather than going home alone, whoever is left looks more and more appealing. -Reactance -> "we want what we can't have" Common “Opposites” -Warmth and loyalty -Attractiveness and vitality -Status and resources -Three categories of traits: Happiness is… Class # 8 Monday, February 07, 2011 1:07 PM HDFS 1060 Page 22 -We take credit for success, but avoid blame for failure -People expect others to be self-serving, but don’t believe they are themselves -We give credit for the good intentions we had (but never acted on), but judge others only by what they actually do -My excuse is a reason – your reason is just an excuse HDFS 1060 Page 25 -Reconstructive memory -allows us to understand things that are going on now. -The past influences the present -Couples jointly construct memories of their relationship Memories: The past is present -Disagreements are destructive (false! - learn to cope with it) -Mindreading is essential (mind reading is impossible!) (it is even amazing that people can understand each other when they are talking) -Partners cannot change (accept the person for who they are) (people change all the time) -Sex should be perfect every time (it is going to have its ups and downs, will never always be perfect) -We are NOT different planets. -Men and women are different (not that different, many areas of a relationship, they are actually alike, i.e. someone to have fun with, get along with, be successful with, etc.) -Great relationships just happen (True love is seeing a un-perfect person perfect) ** The real trick is to find someone who is compatible now and be compatible when they grow and change over the next 50 years.** -Dysfunctional “Destiny” beliefs (fate) -First step is to understand that they are dysfunctional. -Dysfunctional beliefs lead to behaviors that are destructive to relationships Relationship Beliefs -Happy relationships are a result of hard work -Good relationships develop gradually -Any relationship can succeed if you work at it -Functional “Growth” beliefs -Growth beliefs are more committed, more optimistic, and more realistic -Good or bad, beliefs tend to be stable Relationship Beliefs -People enter interactions with particular expectations (expectancy) -Expectations lead them to act in certain ways which communicate those expectations to the other person -The other person interprets the behavior and responds in a reciprocal way that matches the first person’s behavior, and ultimately, their expectations -The first person thinks “See, I was right,” completely missing their own role in the interaction’s outcome -False expectations which ultimately become true due to the actions of the “expecter” -That which you seek, you will find Self-Fulfilling Prophecies -like to feel good and understood -Self-concept v. self-esteem (concept: who I am/esteem: how worth while am I) -tendency to seek praise and good feedback -Self-enhancement -tendency to seek feedback that verifies our self concept (how we see ourselves) -Self-verification -when we shift from wanting someone who kisses up to someone who would tell us to truth and appreciates us for who we are. -shift from self concept to self verification -Marriage shift Self-perceptions -Trying to influence the impressions of us that others form -i.e. more likely to wash hands before leaving bathroom if someone is watching -People are strategic about what they do in front of whom -we try to put our best foot forward. -People don’t usually outright lie, but they’re selective about which truths they show Impression Management -Ingratiation (taking the one down position) (the kiss up) (very female trait) -Self-promotion (saying how wonderful they are themselves) -Positive strategies -Intimidation (Do this or else..) -Supplication (Whiny attitude added to ingratiation) ( you're strong, I'm weak) -Negative strategies Impression Management Strategies -Usually do less management with those who know us well, and more with strangers -People start to manage the impressions their partners make as well -People vary in impression management Impression Management in Close Relationships Class # 10 Friday, February 11, 2011 1:03 PM HDFS 1060 Page 26 -High self-monitors v. low self monitors -Being skilled at impression management has benefits in the short-term, but costs long-term -People vary in impression management -Usually not as well as we think we do -Knowledge -Motivation -Partner legibility -Perceiver ability (better listeners and pay attention) -Threatening perceptions ( we may know that and ignore it) -Perceiver influence (you influenced them to be more of the trait and similar to each other, intentionally or unintentionally.) -Varies according to: How well do we know our partners? HDFS 1060 Page 27 Gender Differences Discuss feelings, personal matters, and gossip Be more indirect and tentative Do less of the talking when with men Self-disclose more and elicit more self-disclosure in established relationships Women Discuss impersonal objects and actions, seek humor instead of support/counsel Be more direct and confident Talk more if with women Self-disclose less to other men than women Men Differences are culturally influenced – not all societies show these patterns Differences are related much more to levels of expressivity and instrumentality than to gender -Kitchen-sinking (Rather than talking about issue at hand, you through every problem you have with the person gets thrown in the sink! ) -Drifting off-beam (You can't stay on topic, and drift to other unrelated issues) -Problems with expression: -Mindreading (We think we know what you are thinking about rather than listening) -Interrupting (Cut the other person off because you are so concern with yourself) -Yes-butting (No matter what solution you give, they will find a problem with it) -Cross-complaining (Instead of addressing anything that you are complaining about, they throw out their own complaints) -Problems with listening: Dysfunctional Communication -Criticism (ex. You are stupid like your father) -Usually has the eye roll, the sneer, and the lip curl with it. -Contempt - pretty common. Being condescending, sarcastic, etc. Delivers a message that they a completely beneath you. -Defensiveness- we cross complain, defending myself by point out something I do not like about you. -typical male response -Stonewalling- we shut down and tune the person out, and we are done. -Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse Dysfunctional Communication -Validating couples - they listen to the others point of view but stress their view (i.e. Yea I know that you are tired this day, so how about we do something that day) -Volatile couples - they are always arguing, and breaking up and getting back together, not polite, interrupting each other. ** if people avoid things too much it will fester and become a problem** -Avoidant couples - they hate conflict. They minimize differences and hope if they ignore it, it would go away. Communication Styles -Surprisingly, it doesn’t matter -What IS important is the number and balance of positive and negative interactions (5 to 1 ratio, in order to balance out a negative with positives) -The ratio of positive-to-negative interactions that’s necessary to maintain a happy relationship -The Magic Ratio Which Style Works Best? -Behavioral description- focus on what was done, not on what it makes the person. -counterproductive -Never say never (or always) - i.e. You NEVER call me… or You ALWAYS forget… -I-statements - put the focus on how I feel. -giving context, focusing on oneself, and telling how you feel… not attacking the person ** not all I's are I statements. EX: "I hate you." Is not an I-statement** -XYZ statements- when you do X in situation Y I feel Z Effective Communication -Active listening Effective Communication Class # 12 Wednesday, February 16, 2011 1:10 PM HDFS 1060 Page 30 -Paraphrasing - so what I am hearing you say is…. -Perception checking- i.e. you look like you are upset. Are you upset? (is our interpretation correct?) -Active listening -Avoid negative affect reciprocity - just because someone is a negative way to you, you do not have to do it back. -If you are getting to worked up, get off the topic for a little while and come back to it. -Take a time-out- they are not just for children -Think about things that could be the reason why the person is acting a rude way, so you could be more sympathetic -Reframe your thinking - remind yourself why you do not want to kill that person -Be respectful (not sarcastic or contemptuous) - value them rather than attack them -Validate your partner HDFS 1060 Page 31 -Rewards -Costs -Outcome = Rewards – Costs -We seek the “best deal” -Comparison Level (CL) - What we think we deserve. (what am I suppose to be getting out of this relationship?) -Comparison Alternatives (CLALT) - (Is the grass greener on the other side?) We compare is to what we could possibly have. -BUT, we also do “comparisons” **These frame what we think of our relationship. Our comparisons display how independent or interdependent we are. Social Exchange Theory -Our Comparison level (CL) -Our Comparison level for alternatives (CLALT) -If our Outcomes are lower than: -CL Satisfaction/dissatisfaction -CLALT  Dependence/independence -The more Investment we have, the harder it is to leave. -Level of investment -What I see may vary from what you see. What I see as an investment, you may not see. -Importance of perception When do people leave? Four Types of Relationships Happy Unhappy Stable Outcome is higher than both CL and CLALT Outcome is higher than CLALT, but lower than CL Unstable Outcome is higher than CL, but lower than CLALT Outcome is lower than both CL and CLALT -CL rises over time, outcomes usually drop -We take our outcomes for granted -You need to keep up with you standards. -What happens with parents or friends? -Should we expect people to do certain things? -What’s “normal” and what’s “acceptable” CL and CLALT over Time -We aren't trying to impress the ones we are invested in, much nicer to strangers or acquaintances. -No. Intimates are frequently more obnoxious to each other than they would be to strangers or acquaintances -We emphasize negatives more than positives -5 to 1 -Remember the Magic Ratio – a low ratio puts couples at high risk So, are relationships always rewarding? -SO, we cant tell initially -Start out the same for both successful and unsuccessful relationships -Increase in successful relationships, do not in unsuccessful relationships Rewards Costs Rewards and Costs over Time Chapter 6 Wednesday, February 23, 2011 1:11 PM HDFS 1060 Page 32 -Friendships have the same building blocks as a foundation, but a different mix of components -Probably high trust, knowledge, and commitment -Many similar characteristics -May be less caring, interdependence, and mutuality -Some different characteristics Friendship v. Romance **Friendships and Romantic Relationships build off the same building blocks** -Is more complex -Includes fascination, sexual desire, and greater exclusiveness -Has more stringent standards -Has more overt expressions of positivity -Results in spending more time together -Involves sexual intimacy -Love: -Is it just about same-sex v. opposite-sex? Friendship v. Love -sharing of thoughts and feelings, feel good, comfortable emotional intimacy of the relationship. -Affective -the things we have in common, similar interests or values, etc. Opinion is meaningful because we think they are similar -Communal -they are fun to be with, i.e. party friends, study friends, sport friends. -Sociable Elements of Friendship -Respect - opposite of contempt, we value them -Trust- they will stand up for us, wont betray us -Responsiveness- tries to make us happy, cares about us, has our best interest at heart -Capitalization- we enlarge someone's happiness, i.e. I just got a new job and a friend makes it even bigger -Social Support-people that give us advice and help, the idea of being there, having someone to count on Elements of Friendship -Emotional support: affection, acceptance, someone who is there for you when you need it -Advice support: exactly what it sounds like, "what classes should I take?" -Material support: tangible stuff, someone who can loan you money, someone who will let you crash at their place -Types of social support -Maybe we just need to do it ourselves, or when we take advantage of someone, when they give bad advice -Is social support always beneficial? ((No)) -We use and value the emotional support. -Are all kinds equally beneficial? ((No)) A Closer Look at Social Support -It can be most useful at times. -It is when you support someone and they don’t realize you are supporting. Our book talks about Invisible Support. -Do not date ex's -> "Sisters before Misters or Bros before Hoes" -Take my side -Confidentiality -Information Privilege - Your friend finds out something, and they are expected to tell you… First. -What are the rules? -NO -Rules are followed half the time. -Do we always follow the rules? -Yes they do. -In a failed friendship: You can point to a rule that was broken that ended the friendship. -Do rules matter? Friendship "Rules" Friendship in Infancy Chapter 7 Wednesday, March 02, 2011 1:05 PM HDFS 1060 Page 35 -i.e. prefer the scent of their caregivers. -Babies prefer familiar people over strangers -Feel uncomfortable, they do not know this stranger they get anxiety -Stranger/separation anxiety -If they do not know how to act with the stranger, they will look at the person who they trust the most and see how they should feel about the situation. -Social referencing -Functional play - you are playing for the sake of activity, no goal to it. i.e. chewing on toes -Constructive play- play that has an end goal. i.e. building blocks -Associative play- they are kind of in the same place doing the same things but no interacting with each other. i.e. two kids playing with blocks but not together -Cooperative play- when they start genuinely interact with one another. i.e. role playing with one another. -Different forms of play: Friendship in Infancy -In elementary school status is when they start using the word "friend" -Parallel (Associated) play v. friendships -Increase in associative and cooperative play -Playmates take on stable characteristics (more than just who’s available at the time), start to use the label “friends” -more of who has the good video games and who is nice and etc. i.e. we are friends because we like to play trucks together. -Still based mostly on enjoyment of similar activities, rather than personality Friendship in Early Childhood -i.e. I like this person because they are nice and we like the same things -Shift away from proximity and activities to similar attitudes/interests and personality traits -Fair: I am your friend as long as we get along -Intimate: when they pay attention to more emotional feelings -Fair-weather cooperation v. Intimate-mutual sharing -This is when we want to be liked, by everyone. -Acceptance initially is key motivation, then later shifts to intimacy (emotional) -we like people who are similar to ourselves -Primary focus on homogeneity -Some (gradual) mixing of same-sex “groups” as get closer to adolescence Friendship in Middle Childhood -We start seeing both sexes turn into one group -Practice grounds for relationships. -Friendships aid in movement towards “coupledom” -When friends get cars or etc. we spend more time with them or we spend more time with ourselves. -We also spend more time with romantic partners. -Decreased time spent with family -Increase during adolescence. -Less peer influence when we are older because we know who we are and what we value. -Importance of peer influence - Not as evil as people make it seem -i.e. having a friend you fight like cats and dogs with but at the same time can never see yourself a day without them. -Often contain both conflict AND closeness (just like romantic relationships) Friendship in Adolescence -Look for close relationships with people who understand us. -Key is search for intimacy (again emotional, not necessarily sexual) -Time to make a new identity and explore things you couldn’t do before in old relationships. -A time to actually be independent. -Evolution and re-invention of friendships (particularly if go away to college) -Decline in time you spend with other people. (Life is not with groups) -Decline in time we spend with same sex friends. -Decline in cross sex friendships -We see increase we spend with intimate relationships. (settling down process) -We start cutting back to friends that matter. -Radical shift in relationship patterns following college Friendship in Young Adulthood -i.e. when your friend falls off the face of the earth because of their relationship they are in. They stop talking to friends and family so -Dyadic withdrawal Friendship in Midlife HDFS 1060 Page 36 -i.e. when your friend falls off the face of the earth because of their relationship they are in. They stop talking to friends and family so much. -Focus on family of procreation rather than family of origin and friends -Increase in shared “couple friendships” -More committed to an intimate relationship, the more everything else declines. -Further decline in opposite-sex friendships -i.e. in-laws, children's friend's parents -BUT, increase overall in the size of social networks -Less sociable than younger individuals -Maybe can't drive anymore, travel, health interfering -Barriers perspective -Do not want to lose the one they love the most, since they are at the end of life, so they disengage attachment to them. -Disengagement perspective -We start being more picky. We have little time left so we choose who we spend most of our time with wisely. -Socioemotional selectivity perspective -Why the decline in friendships? Friendship in Old Age -Tend to be more intimate and emotionally close. -More expressive of their love in relationships. -Women’s friendships – “Face-to-face” -Based more on shared activities, companionship, fun. -Express their support in a different way. -Men’s friendships – “Side-by-side” -We are strongly socialized into our gender roles. -We have restricted social norms for men and strong homophobic attitudes for men. -Why? Gender Differences in Same-sex Friendships -Mutually platonic - it is possible that they are strictly friends - both dating other people -see each other as siblings -Romance - looking at it in a perspective of the person who wants it to be romance **These cross sex friendships have a lot of sexual tension. Major types of friendships.** -You have to be aware of what you are really looking for. -Rejection- looking at it in a perspective of the person who wants it to be just friends -i.e. currently dating someone else, live in different place, etc. -Could be practical constraints. -Mutually romantic- Both really wish it is more than just friends. -Friendships -About 1/2 to 2/3 of college students have been in this kind of relationship -It is platonic but there is sexual activities occurring. -Some people are comfortable with this, some are not, then some start to feel emotions for the other. -Is it open or exclusive? Who we tell? ((some boundaries and rules!)) No saying I love You! -“Friends With Benefits” -How do you define when you are emotionally in-love with someone? -When does a friendship become more? Cross Sex Friendships -THEY ARE COMPLICATED! -What is shyness? -How common is shyness? Shyness -Shy people create self-fulfilling prophecies -Less smart -Less friendly -Shy people are perceived as being: -Rejection -Neglect -Less empathy and understanding -Loneliness -Fewer, more slowly developing friendships -Fall in love less often -Shy people are more likely to experience: Shyness and Social Interactions HDFS 1060 Page 37 property being stolen. -Market Failure- when the markets fails to allocate society's resources efficiently. -Externalities - when the production or consumption of a good affects bystanders. Ex. Pollution. -Market Power- a single buyer or seller has substantial influence on Market Price. Ex. Monopoly. -In such cases, public policy may Promote Efficiency. -Government may alter market outcome to promote equality. -If the market's distribution of economic well-being is not desirable, tax or welfare policies can change how the economic "pie" is divided. -Causes: Econ 1201 Page 40 Chapter 2: Observation, theory, and more observation -Propose a theory. -Gather Data (on people of interest/countries of interest/etc. -Analyze and test the theory. -Questions that need to be answered. Is economics a science? -Simplify: 2 countries and 2 goals Ex: International Trade -Simplify a complex world and make it easier to understand. *you can't just make assumptions to simplify a problem in economics* Assumptions -Simple model that explains in general terms, how the economy is organized and how participants in the economy interact with one another. Revenue Spendi ng Market for Goods Goods and Service Goods and Service Firms Households Market for Factors of Production Factors of Production Land, Labors, and Capital Wages, Rent, and Profit Income Circular-Flow Diagram EXAMPLE OF CHART: IPHONE -Definition: A graph that shows the combinations of output that an economy can possibly produce given the available factors or production and the available production technology. -Where math starts to be incorporated. -We assume that there are only two outputs in an economy. -There are limited resources (factors of production = FOP). -At given point in time there is a specific production technology available. Production Possibilities Frontier (PPF) -can be thought of as how "good" or "bad" an economy is at producing a goal. -On the other hand: 60 people and 20 machines to produce 1,000 (bad). Now the same 30 people and 20 machines produce 3,000 computers. Ex: A firm is able to produce a 1,000 cars from 30 people and 20 machines (good). Production Technology 3000 2200 2000 Quantity of Computers Produced Point B Point C Point A Class # 3 Tuesday, February 01, 2011 8:28 PM Econ 1201 Page 41 600 700 1000 Quantity of Cars Produced Produced Point C = Production point that isn't attainable -Scarcity of resources. -Even through relocation of resources. WHY? -all points along the line are efficient -at the point nothing is wasted. -there is no way to produce more of one good without reducing production of another. Production outcome is efficient if... economy is producing all it can from available resources. -using unused or idle resources to increase production. -as opposed in efficient point. All points below PPF line are attainable but inefficient. -we can have more cars but we need to give up computers to get them There are trade offs in society. -We are getting a 100 cars and giving up 200 computers. -AKA: the cost of each car is 2 computers. Ex: Move production from point A to point B. Because the additional cars are gained at the expense of computers there is an associated opportunity cost. Okay so the first graph has production technology that is not constant. C A At this graph, any level of production, a movement along the line results the same B opportunity cost. F E 1000 -opportunity cost in terms of computers are small. -Because they are not very good at making pcs, we don't have to give a lot in term of computer production in order to increase car production. -Those that are skilled at making cars will also be making computers. -At F, most of the resources are used to make computers. -...heavy lost of computers. In the case of a point on the slope, the opportunity cost (in terms of pcs) is relatively high. D 500 CONSTANT Econ 1201 Page 42 So, Japan has the comparative advantage in terms of producing computers. Important Notes!!! -Absolute advantage is not necessary for comparative advantage. -When each country specializes in the good it has comparative advantage in, all countries can gain from trade. -Must lie between the two opportunity costs for both parties to gain from the trade. -Price associated with this trade. 5 tons of wheat 10 tons of wheat …for one computer Trade: 8 tons of wheat -> would work! Econ 1201 Page 45 Market- a group of buyers and sellers of a particular product. Competitive Market-a market with many buyers and sellers, each has a negligible impact on price. Perfectly Competitive Market- all goods are exactly the same; buyers and sellers are so numerous that no one can affect market price. Supply and Demand Demand- quantity demanded; amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase. Law of Demand - the claim that the quantity demanded of a good falls when price rises, other things equal. Demand Schedule- a table that shows the relationship between a good and the quantity demanded. Demand Curve Price 3 2 12 14 16 -What if these "other things" change? -So we know by changing the price, quantity demand will change (a movement along the curve, other things equal) -These things are not price determinants of demand (things that determine buyers demand for a good other than price) -Change in these things shift the demand curve (D) -Number of buyers- increases in the number of buyers increases quantity demand at each price; the (D) curve shifts to the right. -Income- can have two possible effects depending on what type of good is being sold in the market. -Normal Goods- demand is positively related to income; an increase in income increases quantity demand at each price. -less money means more "inferior goods" (generic brands) -Inferior goods- opposite of a normal good and demand is negatively related to income; an increase in income actually causes a decrease in quantity demanded at each price (shifts D to the left!) Shifts in the Demand Curve -the goods are substitutes of an increase in the price of on causes an increase in the demand of the other. -If the price of a good increases, people will but less of it. -If there is another good that can be substituted for it, that good will be purchased instead. -Two goods are complements when an increase in the price of one causes demand for the good to fall. -Goods that are connected in some way may be generally purchased together. When the price of one increases, less of both are purchased. Prices and Related Goods -Anything that causes a shift in taste toward a good will increase demand for that good and shifts (D) to the right. Tastes Expectations -Affects customers buying decisions. Quantity Demanded 1 ……………. Class # 5 Thursday, February 10, 2011 7:14 PM Econ 1201 Page 46 -Quantity supply - amount of any good sellers are willing and able to sell. -Claim that the quantity supply of a good rises when the price of a good rises, all else equal. Law of supply Supply 0 0 + 0 0 5 1 3 + 2 5 4 2 6 + 4 10 3 3 9 + 6 15 2 4 12 + 8 20 1 5 15 + 10 25 3 6 9 12 15 Q 6 18 + 12 30 Price of Latte Quantity Supply of Latte Q(s) 6 Latte Example: Starbucks Donkin Donuts P Supply Schedule Ex: wages, price of materials, price of machines, etc. A fall in input prices makes production more profitable at each output price, so firms supply a larger quantity at each price . Input Prices S2 S1 Supply Shifts -Technology determines how many inputs are required to produce a unit of outputs. -So a cost saving tech. improvement has the same effects as a fall in input prices. Technology -Events in the middle east leas to expectations of higher oil prices. -In response, owners of Texas oil fields reduce supply now, save some inventory to sell at a higher price later. -S curve shifts left. (because of current reduction) Ex: Expectations P S Q -Combine S and D curves to determine the price and quantity of a good sold in the market. S and D together Equilibrium P D S Equilibrium point Market Q(s) Class # 6 Tuesday, February 15, 2011 1:03 AM Econ 1201 Page 47