Notes on Louisiana History, French Louisiana and Spanish Periods | HIST 3071, Exams of World History

Download Notes on Louisiana History, French Louisiana and Spanish Periods | HIST 3071 and more Exams World History in PDF only on Docsity! Louisiana History Native American in Louisiana I. Poverty Point A. Signifigance 1. Consturcted around 1500 b.c 2. At that time, largest earthwork site in what is now U.S. 3. Mounds notable for age size and complexity B. Location 1. Abundant Food Sources 2. Trade and Transportation hub II. European Arrival A. Changes 1. Alliances between tribes 2. Locations of where Indians where living 3. Biological Balance, such as disease 4. Material Culture, materlals used by the Indians III. Native Americans and European Witnesses A. De Batz 1. Artist in 1700s who drew the changes happening in Louisiana B. Du Pratz 1. Drew more on the life of the natives Can we depend on Europeans history as an accurate source on Native American life I. Frontier Exchange Economy A. Daniel Usner 1. Concept that allows us to view native American life through the Europeans B. Frontier 1. Not just a boundary across which advanced societies penetrated primitive ones C. Exchange 1. How people form different cultures related to and influence each other in daily life D. Economy 1. Economic interactions between colonizers and colonized II. Fort Rosalie and Tobacco Concession A. Trouble 1. Pierre? Starts giving land and tobacco to people who come to Louisiana 2. Gives Natchez alter madem, get out of land cause they needed it for tobacco concession 3. Materialism was eroding the natives way of life. 4. 1720’s had manyh skirmishes in 1728 Natchez ordered out and they said no 5. Natives buy time using Frontier exchange strategies, let us stay and we will give you some our crop 6. Planning attack the entire fall B. Nov 28, 1729- they strike 1. Plan is to go in to Fort give them food, ask for guns to get more food and then use guns to massacre fort 2. Plan works and kill 200 and capture 350 C. Aftermath 1. French ally themselves with Choctaw 2. 1730-31 capture 500 remaining Natchez and sold to Carribean as slaves 3. Natchez wiped out So What? 1. Native American were actually complex and diverse 2. Conctact changed those populations profoundly 3. Frontier exchange Economy can help us SEE events from Native American perspectives END LECTURE 1 LECTURE 2 French Louisiana (1682-1763ish) I. European Exploration A. Treasures and Conversion to Chrisitanity and Glory B. De Soto 1. “Discovered the Mississippi River” 2. Was buried in The Mississippi river in 1542 C. France and Louisiana 1. France exploring from the North due the French settling New France aka Canada 2. 1672 Jolet and Marquette descend as far as Arkansas River D. René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de la Salle, Claims Louisiana For France in 1682 1. Gets permission to make a return trip with a colony 2. Skips over the Louisiana area and lands in Texas 3. His remaining men declare mutiny and kill him E. Bienville “Father of Louisiana” 1. Born in Montreal 1680 2. 1699 Travels with Iberville to Louisiana (brothers) 3. 1701 Iberville leaves to go back to France to get more people, comes back and dies of yellow fever and Bienville assumes control Luis De Unzaga- Govener 1770-1777. Conciliatory toward French Creoles. Laissez faire-on trade issues; important precedent. End Lecture Thursday September 8, 2011 Continuation of Lecture Bernardo de Galvez: Yo Solo- Governor from 1777-85. Yo Solo means I alone. Spanish colonial insider and marries wealthy French Creole woman. During the American Revolution he became a Spanish Hero. Victories of Mississippi(Manchac and Baton Rouge) and Mobile Pensacola. Outcomes of Galvez-Spain expands its holdings when Britian surrenders; regains Floridas. Enhances relationship with Americans, and he demonstrates Spain can control lower Mississippi River Spanish Successe-New Immigrants mostly Americans, Uneasy cooperation between Spain and U.S. Control of the Mississippi will be undoing LOUISIANA PURCHASE- High politics and Regular People All the politicians who led to the Purchase of Louisiana never saw the land. Ordinary people made decisisons. Spain holds the mouth of the Mississippi and in 1784 Spain closes the River so no American ships can trade. Negotiations 1786-88 take place called Jay-Gardoqui John Jay not certain U.S. needed the Mississippi River. New Englanders prefer focus on Atlantic trade. Middle Southern states want other rivers to be the main river in the U.S. Some fear the country could become too hard the govern. Negotiations between 86-88. Carlos 3 dies in Spain and the River is opened back up. Carondelet- Gov. 1791-97 see the growing American populations as a threat to Spain. Global Event 89-95- French Revolution Begins, Spain and Britian go to war against France, 1791 slave uprising begins in St. Domingue(Haiti) Toussaint L Overture- Demanded Black autonomy, 1794 France abolishes slavery in all colonies 1791-95 slave revolts planned in Point Coupee Pinckney’s Treaty- 1795 U.S. secures permanent access to The river. Right to trade and deposit goods in New Orleans for 3 years. And renegotiations are planned. Napoleon Bonaparte- 1799 he becomes first consul of France. 1800 Treaty of San Ildefonso between Spain and France. Carlos IV’s wants to start a new kingdom for son in law in Italy. Napoleon says he will give him land. France promises he will not give Louisiana to anyone else Napoleon’s New World Aspirations- Regain control of St. Domingue, reinstate slavery and make it a profitable sugar crop. Use Louisiana as bread basket for St. Domingue. Disaster in St. Domingue- More than 34000 French troops sent. Napoleons son in law dies in bloodshed and so do about 80 percent of his men. New Orleans Purchase- in 1802 Spain closes the River again. Westering Americans increase the importance of the River. Robert Livingston and James Monroe sent to France to “buy” New Orleans. Early 1803, Napoleon understand his New World aspirations are dead. Napolean offers all of Louisiana and Monroe and Livingston buy it. 15 million + 5 millions of aspiration of debt. Treaty signed May 2, 1803 in Paris. A bargain- 1820 boundaries finalized. 530 million acres. 3 cents an acre all or part of 15 states is created. Not everyone Happy- Federalist writers fear area is too large to govern. Could upset balance of power, cost maybe to high, many though Louisianans are too unruly and incapable to govern Constittuional Issues- Jefferson says its an act beyond the Constituion. Time is of the essence. U.S. Sente ratifies the Treaty in 1803 Two Transfers- Nov 30 1803- Spain transfers Louisiana to France at New Orleans, Dec. 20 1803 France officially to the United States. NEW LECTURE LOUISIANA IN THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD Politics- Uncertainty about loyalty and status of Louisiana’s populous. Citizens or colonial subjects? William C. C. Claiborne- fairly inexperienced, cant speak French or Spanish. The 4th person Jefferson has asked. General James Wilkinson- appointed 1st governer along with Clairborne. Double agent for U.S. and Spain(not found out till after his death) Population around 1805- 8000 at time of Purchase. 3300 French Speaking Creoles, 2800 slaves, 1300 free people of color, 600 Spanish and other nationalities. Hundreds of Anglo Transients. Anglo Americans Hundreds become Thousands- Immigration around 12000 1803-13. 9000 refugees form st. Domingue tip the balance back toward French background. Slaves and Unrest- 1804 and 1808 bans on importation of slaves. Widespread smuggling took place. Infusion of slaves from st. Domingue esp. in 1809. 1811 Slave Revolt- Largest in U.S. History. Polirical Transformations- 1804 Territory of Orleans is changed to 12 small counties, 1806 Slave Code makes it impossible for slaves to buy themselves out of slavery. 1807 Territorial Legislature come up with 19 parishes. 1808 Civil Code. 1812 Louisiana becomes a State. 1812 Constituion- Modeled on Kentucky’s. Limmited suffrage(tax paying white males; Elitist in intent. Two House Legislature with a powerful Executive “branch”. Louisiana governer is very powerful. After Statehood- Doubts remained about the loyalty of the state’s people 1814-15 played a big role ifn erasing those doubts. Timing- April 30 1812 Louisiana becomes a state. June 18, Pres. Madison declared war on Great Britain. Causes: Impressment, Enticing Indian attacks. Failed to evacuate forts on Canadian Border. Not recognizing US as independent British Strategy- Focus on major cities. Three ponged plan included North from Canada to New York, Atlantic into Chesapeake bay, Southern gulf Inconclusive Outcome- No one has really done anything by mid 1814. Aug. 1814 British captured and burned Washington. Peace negotiations begin. Andrew Jackson- American Icon but hated Native Americans. Owed British a “debt of retaliatory vengeance.” His family was killed in American Revolution; left scar on his face. Jackson’s military Career- 1802- Major General of Tennessee State militia. 1813-1814 war on Creek Indians and wins. 1814 Maj Gen of U.S. Army. Negotiate from Strength- begin in Ghent Belgium Aug. 1814. Plans to attack and defend N.O. begin Formidable Redcoats- Led by General by Sir Edward Michael Pakenham. Commanded approx.. 8000 British Irish and West Indian troops. Arrived late to N.O. Underrated and Outmanned- Jackson had around 4000 troops. American, Local and state militia, and Volunteers from TN,KY,MS, small number of Native Americans and some Pirates( Jean Lafitte and Baratarians) British Beliefs- superior military, American wouldn’t fight, New Orleans would welcome them as liberators, Could incite slaves to rebel Initial Events- British off Lake Borgne on Dec. 12. Sunk American gunboats on 14th. Landing troops begins Dec. 16 Arrive Viller Plantation British Disadvantage- Difficult route, terrain crated problems(marsh), Transport was very slow, Personnel was slow moving, Food and supplies moving slower. New Orleans in Panic- Dec. 16 Jackson declared martial law. Behavioral and practical advantages. Jackson responds immediately to capture of Villere plantation. Battle of New Orleans- Fighting on Dec. 23-24 results in a draw. Jackson put British on notice. Pakenham arrives and is pissed to find British in bad position. THE BATTLE OF NEW ORLEANS- British complex plan fails miserably. 30 mins into attack 2000- 3000 British die on plains of Chalemt including Pakenham. Jackson reported only seven killed. Aftermath- British will withdraw to Mobile. Learned that the war ended on dec. 24 1814 Left for England in March. Jackson and New Orleans- returned to N.O. on Jan21. Celebration for him on Jan. 23 Married Women-Head and Master Law. Man is in charge of household. He can do whatever he wants with her money and body Jackson- the common man, class distinctions, benefits of the Frontier, Politics of Personality Jackson Era- Rise of formal Political Parites in the U.S. Common did not fit in before Jackson. Aggressive Electioneering was brought about. People openly pursued political power. George Caleb Bingham- Artist during Jackson Era