Download Brain Trauma & Disorders: Impact on Language Processing & Memory - Prof. Douglas N. Ishii and more Study notes Biology in PDF only on Docsity! 13 February Figure 8.17 Most language comprehension comes from left half Wernicke’s area Temporal lobe Comprehension Broca’s area Expression of language Articulation PET scan (positron emission tomography) Monitors use of glucose Activity marker Figure 8.15 Hearing – Wernicke Speaking – Broca See words – occipital lobe (visual cortex) Generate words – frontal lobe Declarative memory: language Localized to left hemisphere of brain Language is learned Conceptualization of speech and writing Integration of speech and writing Recent verbal memories Left hemisphere lesion Aphasia Impaired language capacity Figure 8.16 Male – left hemisphere activated Female – left and right hemispheres activated Same language task occurring Split brain Sever corpus callosum; blindfold Ball in right hand – can describe ball Ball in left hand – can’t describe object Memory disruption Retrograde amnesia – can’t recall prior memories Anterograde amnesia – unable to form new memories Brain trauma – concussion Retrograde amnesia – few days Memories may return Memory retrieval blocked, not storage Electro-convulsive therapy (ECT) Disrupts memories <2 years old Mania Extreme elation Racing thoughts Grandiose schemes Physical exhaustion Mania-depression cycles Treatment Neuroleptic drugs plus lithium Withdraw neuroleptic Chronic lithium treatment Figure 8.9 Reward system in brain Dopamine Locus cereleus in brainstem → nucleus accumbens Cocaine/methamphetamine – increased amount of dopamine Can be stimulated electrically Opiates (agonists) Opium Laudanum Morphine Heroin (more lipophilic, crosses blood-brain barriers more quickly than morphine, changed to morphine in brain) Methadone Codeine, oxycontin, many others Effects Sedation – nodding out Euphoria Emetia – causes purging Separates sensation from perception Analgesic Respiratory depression (main cause of death) Endogenous Opiates Endogenous opiates (peptides) Endorphins Dynorphin Enkephalin Endomorphins Nociceptin (anti-analgesic; modulates nociception) Opiate antagonists Naloxone Naltrexene Receptors for endogenous opiates Delta: analgesia, dependence, anti-depressant Kappa: sedation, spinal anesthesia Mu: euphoria, physical dependence, respiratory depression, supraspinal analgesia Nociceptin R: anxiety, depression Components of opiate addition Euphoria Psychological dependence Physical dependence Dysphoria – opposite of euphoria, feel terrible Nausea Goose-bumps Restlessness and agitation Not as severe as in alcoholism Drug tolerance Increased dose Increased cost Burglary, robbery, prostitution Tolerance to euphoria Drug withdrawal Syndrome of physical dependence Sick-well cycle Collapsed veins Methadone – agonist, stays in the body longer Cold turkey – often voluntary Overdose: respiratory depression Schizophrenia Auditory hallucinations Paranoia, suspicions
