Download Evolution & Branches of Psychology: Ancient Philosophers to Contemporary Views and more Study notes Psychology in PDF only on Docsity! The Story of Psychology Prologue The Story of Psychology What is Psychology? Psychology’s Roots Psychological Science Develops Psychology’s Roots Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Aristotle, a naturalist and philosopher, theorized about psychology’s concepts. He suggested that the soul and body are not separate and that knowledge grows from experience. http ://fa cu lt y.w a sh in g t o n .e d u Psychological Science is Born Wundt and psychology’s first graduate students studied the “atoms of the mind” by conducting experiments at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. This work is considered the birth of psychology as we know it today. W u n d t (1 8 3 2 -1 9 2 0 ) Psychological Science is Born American philosopher William James wrote an important 1890 psychology textbook. Mary Calkins, James’s student, became the APA’s first female president. Ja m e s (1 8 4 2 - 1 9 1 0 ) M a ry C a lk in s Psychological Science Develops Behaviorists Watson and later Skinner emphasized the study of overt behavior as the subject matter of scientific psychology. W a tso n (1 8 7 8 -1 9 5 8 ) S k in n e r (1 9 0 4 -1 9 9 0 ) Psychological Science Develops Humanistic Psychology Maslow and Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth potential and our need for love and acceptance. M a sl o w ( 1 9 0 8 -1 9 7 0 ) R o g e rs ( 1 9 0 2 -1 9 8 7 )http ://fa cu lt yw e b .co rtla n d .e d u http ://w w w . ca rlro g e rs. d k Psychology Today We define psychology today as the scientific study of behavior (what we do) and mental processes (inner thoughts and feelings). Psychology’s Three Main Levels of
Analysis
Biological influences Psychological influences
* genetic predispositions ¢ learned fears and other learned
* genetic mutations expectations
¢ natural selection of adaptive © emotional responses
physiology and behaviors ° cognitive processing and
* genes responding to the environment perceptual interpretations
ss a
Behavior or mental process
f
Social-cultural influences
© presence of others
e cultural, societal, and family expectations
© peer and other group influences
© compelling models (such as the media)
Psychology’s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Sample Questions Neuroscience How the body and brain enables emotions? How are messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked with moods and motives? Evolutionary How the natural selection of traits the promotes the perpetuation of one’s genes? How does evolution influence behavior tendencies? Behavior genetics How much our genes and our environments influence our individual differences? To what extent are psychological traits such as intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? Psychology’s Current Perspectives Perspective Focus Sample Questions Psychodynami c How behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts? How can someone’s personality traits and disorders be explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? Behavioral How we learn observable responses? How do we learn to fear particular objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking? Psychology’s Subfields:
Research
Biological
Other LL5o5 9.9%
Experimental
As
tein Developmental
24.6%
Psychometrics
5.5%
Cognitive
— n
8.0%
Social 21.6% |
| Personality
48%
Data: APA 1997
Psychology’s Subfields: Applied Psychologist What she does Clinical Studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders Counseling Helps people cope with academic, vocational, and marital challenges. Educational Studies and helps individuals in school and educational settings Industrial/ Organizational Studies and advises on behavior in the workplace. Psychology’s Subfields:
Applied
Industria
me 7.
Bp
‘\, Other
‘y
. ‘, ae
Educational 4, 7"
9% ;
Counseling
15%
Clinic al
Boh
Data: APA 1997
