Latin Pronouns and Adjectives: Personal, Demonstrative, Interrogative, and Relative, Study notes of Latin

Download Latin Pronouns and Adjectives: Personal, Demonstrative, Interrogative, and Relative and more Study notes Latin in PDF only on Docsity! Resource Book I NOUNS, PRONOUNS, el ee % ADJECTIVES & Chapter 1 Nouns are listed in the dictionary with a very specific vocabulary entry. It includes the nominative singular form, the genitive singular, and the gender, as well as anything that is unusual or specific to that noun.   Nouns are grouped into five declensions. Each declension is identified by the ending on the genitive singular form. Each declension has its own group of endings. The endings are added to the stem, which is found by dropping the ending from the genitive singular. NOUNS The second declension is identified by the ending -ī on the genitive singular form. Most second declension nouns are ei- ther masculine or neuter. Masculine and neuter second de- clension nouns have their own endings. SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. -us (---) * -ī Gen. -ī -ōrum Dat. -ō -īs Acc. -um -ōs Abl. -ō -īs Voc. -e (---)** -ī * Most second declension nouns have a nominative singular form that ends in -us. Some have a variable form, often end- ing in an er. ** When a second declension noun has a nominative form that ends in -us, the vocative ending is -e. When it has a vari- able form, the vocative ending is identical to the nominative. For second declension nouns that have an -i- before the -us ending, that ending contracts with the -e, giving a vocative ending of -ī. Masculine Example: servus, -ī, m. stem: serv- SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. servus servī Gen. servī servōrum Dat. servō servīs Acc. servum servōs Abl. servō servīs Voc. serve servī 4 SECTION 3 The Second Declension Example: raedarius, -ī, m. stem: raedari- SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. raedarius raedariī Gen. raedariī raedariōrum Dat. raedariō raedariīs Acc. raedarium raedariōs Abl. raedariō raedariīs Voc. raedarī raedariī SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. puer puerī Gen. puerī puerōrum Dat. puerō puerīs Acc. puerum puerōs Abl. puerō puerīs Voc. puer puerī Feminine SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. hortus hortī Gen. hortī hortōrum Dat. hortō hortīs Acc. hortum hortōs Abl. hortō hortīs Voc. horte hortī 5 Neuter Neuter nouns of the second declension use slightly differ- ent endings from those of masculine and feminine nouns. SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. -um -a Gen. -ī -ōrum Dat. -ō -īs Acc. -um -a Abl. -ō -īs Voc. -um -a There are two helpful hints to remember with neuter nouns: 1. Neuter nominative, accusative, and vocative endings are al- ways the same. 2. Neuter nominative, accusative, and vocative plural endings always end with -a, regardless of the declension. Example: baculum, -ī, n. - stick stem: bacul- 6 SINGULAR PLURAL Nom. baculum bacula Gen. baculī baculōrum Dat. baculō baculīs Acc. baculum bacula Abl. baculō baculīs Voc. baculum bacula Example: mare, maris, (-ium) n. stem: mar- SINGULAR M./F. (N.) PLURAL M./F. (N.) Nom./Voc. mare maria Gen. maris marium Dat. marī maribus Acc. mare maria Abl. marī maribus 9 Fourth Declension nouns can be identified by the -ūs ending on the genitive singular form. There are two sets of endings for the fourth declension: one for masculine and feminine nouns and one for neuter nouns. Masculine and Feminine SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. -us -ūs Gen. -ūs -uum Dat. -uī -ibus Acc. -um -ūs Abl. -ūs -ibus Example: manus, manūs, f. stem: man- SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. manus manūs Gen. manūs manuum Dat. manuī manibus Acc. manum manūs Abl. manūs manibus 10 SECTION 5 The Fourth Declension Neuter There are three neuter fourth declension nouns: cornū, cornūs, n. - horn genū, genūs, n. - knee verū, verūs, n. - broiling spit There is a separate set of endings for these three words. SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. -ū -ua Gen. -ūs -uum Dat. -ū -ibus Acc. -ū -ua Abl. -ū -ibus Example: genū, genūs, n. stem: gen- SINGULAR PLURAL Nom./Voc. genū genua Gen. genūs genuum Dat. genū genibus Acc. genū genua Abl. genū genibus 11 Personal Pronouns are pronouns that replace a previously mentioned noun in a sentence. In English the personal pro- nouns are I, we, you, he, she, it, and they. These words are some of the few examples that we have of words that decline in English. PLURAL 1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON 3RD PERSON Subjective we you they Possessive our/ours your/yours their/theirs Objective us you them First Person Second Person SINGULAR PLURAL Nominative tū vōs Genitive tuī vestrī/vestrum Dative tibi vōbīs Accusative tē vōs Ablative tē vōbīs 14 SECTION 1 Personal Pronouns SINGULAR 1ST PERSON 2ND PERSON 3RD PERSON Subjective I you he/she/it Possessive my/mine your/yours his/her/its Objective me you him/her/it SINGULAR PLURAL Nominative ego nōs Genitive meī nostrī/nostrum Dative mihi nōbīs Accusative mē nōs Ablative mē nōbīs Third Person SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative eī eae ea Genitive eōrum eārum eōrum Dative eīs eīs eīs Accusative eōs eās ea Ablative eīs eīs eīs 15 SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative is ea id Genitive eius eius eius Dative eī eī eī Accusative eum eam id Ablative eō eā eō Reflexive pronouns are used when an object in the predicate refers to the same person or thing as the subject. In the first and second person, the reflexive pronoun uses the same forms as the personal pronoun, except that it does not exist in the nominative case. First Person Reflexive Pronouns SINGULAR PLURAL Nominative --- --- Genitive meī nostrī Dative mihi nōbīs Accusative mē nōs Ablative mē nōbīs Second Person Reflexive Pronouns SINGULAR PLURAL Nominative --- --- Genitive tuī vestrī Dative tibi vōbīs Accusative tē vōs Ablative tē vōbīs 16 SECTION 2 Reflexive Pronouns Iste, Ista, Istud Iste also means “that” or “those”, but it has an additional meaning of “that thing of yours”, “that thing near you”. It sometimes carries a negative connotation. SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative iste ista istud Genitive istius istius istius Dative istī istī istī Accusative istum istam istud Ablative istō istā istō PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative istī istae ista Genitive istōrum istārum istōrum Dative istīs istīs istīs Accusative istōs istās ista Ablative istīs istīs istīss 19 SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative ille illa illud Genitive illius illius illius Dative illī illī illī Accusative illum illam illud Ablative illō illā illō PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative illī illae illa Genitive illōrum illārum illōrum Dative illīs illīs illīs Accusative illōs illās illa Ablative illīs illīs illīs Is, Ea, Id In addition to being the forms of the third person personal pronoun, is, ea, id can also be used as a demonstrative adjec- tive. In that case it is translated as “that” or “those.” You can identify this use because it will agree with an accompanying noun in gender, number, and case. 20 The relative pronoun is used to begin a relative, or adjective, clause. The relative pronoun in all cases whether singular or plural is translated as “who,” “which,” or “that.” In the geni- tive the relative pronoun is translated as “whose” or “of which/whom.” In the dative it is translated as “to/for which/ whom.” Some of the forms of the relative pronoun are simi- lar to those of the demonstrative pronoun hic, haec, hoc. The relative pronoun must agree with its antecedent in gen- der and number, but not necessarily case. Qui, Quae, Quod 21 SECTION 4 The Relative Pronoun SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative quī quae quod Genitive cuius cuius cuius Dative cui cui cui Accusative quem quam quod Ablative quō quā quō PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative quī quae quae Genitive quōrum quārum quōrum Dative quibus quibus quibus Accusative quōs quās quae Ablative quibus quibus quibus Latin adjectives are declined in a very similar way to Latin nouns. Like nouns there are different categories of adjectives, each with different endings for the six cases. Unlike nouns, each word has different forms for the three different genders. A Latin adjective must agree with the noun in modifies in gender, number, and case. It does not need to agree in declen- sion. 24 SECTION 1 The Latin Adjective First-second declension adjectives, sometimes called 2-1-2 ad- jectives, follow the same paradigm as first and second declen- sion nouns. Masculine adjectives use the endings of second declension masculine nouns, feminine adjectives use the first declension endings, and neuter ones use the endings of sec- ond declension neuter adjectives. First-second declension adjectives can be identified by the -a ending on the feminine nominative singular. This ending is removed to form the stem used for declining the adjective. Most first-second declension adjectives have masculine nomi- native singular forms that end in -us, like bonus, a, um, “good.” There are some, like miser, misera, miserum, “un- happy, miserable,” that have a variable ending for the mascu- line nominative singular instead. PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative -ī -ae -a Genitive -ōrum -ārum -ōrum Dative -īs -īs -īs Accusative -ōs -ās -a Ablative -īs -īs -īs 25 SECTION 2 First-Second Declension Adjectives SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative -us/--- -a -um Genitive -ī -ae -ī Dative -ō -ae -ō Accusative -um -am -um Ablative -ō -ā -ō Vocative -e/--- -a -um Example: bonus, a, um, good stem: bon SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative bonus bona bonum Genitive bonī bonae bonī Dative bonō bonae bonō Accusative bonum bonam bonum Ablative bonō bonā bonō Vocative bone bona bonum PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative bonī bonae bona Genitive bonōrum bonārum bonōrum Dative bonīs bonīs bonīs Accusative bonōs bonās bona Ablative bonīs bonīs bonīs Vocative bonī bonae bona Example: pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, beautiful stem: pulchr- SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative pulcher pulchra pulchrum Genitive pulchrī pulchrae pulchrī Dative pulchrō pulchrae pulchrō Accusative pulchrum pulchram pulchrum Ablative pulchrō pulchrā pulchrō Vocative pulcher pulchra pulchrum PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative pulchrī pulchrae pulchra Genitive pulchrōrum pulchrārum pulchrōrum Dative pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs Accusative pulchrōs pulchrās pulchra Ablative pulchrīs pulchrīs pulchrīs Vocative pulchrī pulchrae pulchra 26 Example:   incolumis, incolumis, incolume  unhurt, safe stem = incolum- SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative incolumis incolumis incolume Genitive incolumis incolumis incolumis Dative incolumī incolumī incolumī Accusative incolumem incolumem incolume Ablative incolumī incolumī incolumī PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative incolumēs incolumēs incolumia Genitive incolumium incolumium incolumium Dative incolumibus incolumibus incolumibus Accusative incolumēs incolumēs incolumia Ablative incolumibus incolumibus incolumibus Example: ingēns, ingentis, huge stem: ingent- SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative ingēns ingēns ingēns Genitive ingentis ingentis ingentis Dative ingentī ingentī ingentī Accusative ingentem ingentem ingēns Ablative ingentī ingentī ingentī PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative ingentēs ingentēs ingentia Genitive ingentium ingentium ingentium Dative ingentibus ingentibus ingentibus Accusative ingentēs ingentēs ingentia Ablative ingentibus ingentibus ingentibus 29 Example: celer, celeris, celere, swift stem: celer- SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative celer celeris celere Genitive celeris celeris celeris Dative celerī celerī celerī Accusative celerem celerem celere Ablative celerī celerī celerī PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative celerēs celerēs celeria Genitive celerium celerium celerium Dative celeribus celeribus celeribus Accusative celerēs celerēs celeria Ablative celeribus celeribus celeribus 30 As in English, Latin adjectives are found in 3 different de- grees: positive (stultus- silly), comparative (stultior- sillier), and superlative (stultissimus- silliest).  The positive degree is the base form (happy, interesting, fun, etc.).  The comparative degree considers two nouns (happier, more interesting, rather fun, somewhat boring, etc.); the superlative degree compares three or more nouns (happiest, most interesting, very fun, etc.).   The positive degree form of the adjective is found in the dic- tionary entry of the word, but the comparative and superla- tive degree words are formed from the positive form. Comparative Degree The comparative degree of an adjective is formed from the positive adjective. The same stem used to decline an adjective is also used to change its degree. For first-second declension adjectives, this is done by dropping the -a ending from the nominative singu- lar form. For third declension adjectives this is done either by dropping the -is from the feminine nominative singular form, or from the genitive singular form. Example: pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulchr- stultus, -a, -um stult- celeber, celebris, celebre celebr- fortis, -is, -e fort- audax, audacis audac- 31 SECTION 4 Comparative and Superlative Adjectives The superlative form of any adjective is declined like a first & second declension adjective. Example: stultissimus, -a, -um SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative stultissimus stultissima stultissimum Genitive stultissimī stultissimae stultissimī Dative stultissimō stultissimae stultissimō Accusative stultissimum stultissimam stultissimum Ablative stultissimō stultiore stultissimō PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative stultissimī stultissimae stultissima Genitive stultissimōrum stultissimārum stultissimōrum Dative stultissimīs stultissimīs stultissimīs Accusative stultissimōs stultissimās stultissima Ablative stultissimīs stultissimīs stultissimīs Exceptions There are a few groups of positive adjectives that do not fol- low the regular rules for the formation of the superlative vo- cabulary entry. These adjectives fall into two different catego- ries. Once the vocabulary entry is formed, these adjective use the same first-second declension adjective endings. “Er” Adjectives All adjectives that end in -er in the masculine nominative sin- gular of the positive degree follow a different rule for form- ing the superlative. Instead of using the stem found from the feminine nomina- tive singular, the masculine nominative singular will be used as the stem. The endings  –rimus, a, um to that form to cre- ate the superlative vocabulary entry. Ex:   pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum pulcherrimus, -a, -um prettiest miser, misera, miserum miserrimus, -a, -um most unhappy celer, celeris, celere celerrimus, -a, -um swiftest celeber, celebris, celebre celeberrimus, -a, -um most famous 34 “Lis” Adjectives There are six third declension adjectives that end in –lis that have a special superlative: facilis (easy) facillimus, a, um difficilis (difficult) difficillimus, a, um similis (similar) simillimus, a, um dissimilis (different, dissimilar)   dissimillimus, a, um gracilis (thin, slender)   gracillimus, a, um humilis (humble)   humillimus, a, um Note that these six adjectives are the only “lis” adjectives that form their superlatives in this way. Words like fidelis and nobi- lis that are not on this list follow the regular pattern. Example: nobilis, -is, -e nobilissimus, -a, -um fidelis, -is, -e fidelissimus, -a, -um Irregular Comparative and Superlative Adjectives The following is a list of adjectives that do not follow any par- ticular pattern for the formation of comparative and superla- tive adjectives. These forms must be memorized. *plus does not decline but is followed by a noun in the parti- tive genitive. 35 POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE magnus, a, um big, great maior, maius bigger maximus, a, um biggest parvus, a, um small minor, minus smaller minimus, a, um smallest bonus, a, um good melior, melioris better optimus, a, um best malus, a, um bad peior, peius worse pessimus, a, um worst multus, a, um much plus* more plurimus, a, um most multi, ae, a many plures, plura more plurimī, ae, a most Aliqui, Aliqua, Aliquod The indefinite adjective aliqui, aliqua, aliquod is translated “some” or “any.” PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative aliquī aliquae aliqua Genitive aliquōrum aliquārum aliquōrum Dative aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus Accusative aliquōs aliquās aliqua Ablative aliquibus aliquibus aliquibus 36 SECTION 5 Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative aliquī aliqua aliquod Genitive alicuius alicuius alicuius Dative alicui alicui alicui Accusative aliquem aliquam aliquod Ablative aliquō aliquā aliquō Quisque, Quisque, Quicque The pronoun quisque, quisque, quicque is translated “each one, every one” or “each thing, every thing.” The forms for this pronoun are quis, quis, quid with the suffix “que.” SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative quisque quisque quicque (quidque) Genitive cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque Dative cuique cuique cuique Accusative quemque quemque quicque (quidque) Ablative quōque quōque quōque PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative quīque quaeque quaeque Genitive quōrumque quārumque quōrumque Dative quibusque quibusque quibusque Accusative quōsque quāsque quaeque Ablative quibusque quibusque quibusque Quīque, Quaeque, Quodque The adjective quīque, quaeque, quodque means “each” or “every.” The forms of this adjective are those of qui, quae, quod with the suffix “que.” SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative quīque quaeque quodque Genitive cuiusque cuiusque cuiusque Dative cuique cuique cuique Accusative quemque quamque quodque Ablative quōque quāque quōque PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative quīque quaeque quaeque Genitive quōrumque quārumque quōrumque Dative quibusque quibusque quibusque Accusative quōsque quāsque quaeque Ablative quibusque quibusque quibusque 39 There is a category of nine irregular adjectives that generally follow the rules of the first-second declension adjectives with a few exceptions. These nine words are: unus, -a, -um - one nullus, -a, -um - no, none ullus, -a, -um - any solus, -a, -um - only, alone neuter, neutra, neutrum - neither alius, alia, aliud - another, other uter, utra, utrum - either, which (of two) totus, -a, -um - the whole, all, entire alter, altera, alterum - the other (of two) These words are declined as follows: PLURAL M. F. N. Nominative unī unae una Genitive unōrum unārum unōrum Dative unīs unīs unīs Accusative unōs unās una Ablative unīs unīs unīs 40 SECTION 6 Special “-ius”Adjectives SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative unus una unum Genitive unius unius unius Dative unī unī unī Accusative unum unam unum Ablative unō unā unō One exception to be aware of is the word alius, alia, aliud. This adjective does not have a genitive singular form of its own and therefore uses the genitive singular form of alter, al- tera, alterum. Everywhere else this word declines normally like unus. SINGULAR M. F. N. Nominative alius alia aliud Genitive alterius alterius alterius Dative aliī aliī aliī Accusative alium aliam aliud Ablative aliō aliā aliō 41 Comparative adverbs are formed from comparative adjec- tives. The comparative adverb is identical to the neuter nomi- native singular of the comparative adjective. Context is essen- tial to determining whether the word is being used as a com- parative adjective or adverb. An adjective will modify a noun with which it agrees in gender, number, and case. An adverbs will modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. It does not decline. Examples: laetior, laetius happier laetius more happily stultior, stultius more foolish stultius more foolishly lentior, lentius slower lentius more slowly gravior, gravius more serious gravius more seriously 44 SECTION 2 Comparative Adverbs Superlative adverbs are formed from superlative adjectives. Superlative adjectives are first-second declension adjectives, so they follow the same rules for the formation of adverbs. The stem is found by dropping the -a from the feminine nominative singular and “-ē” is added. Examples: stultissimus, -a, -um stultissimē most foolish most foolishly laetissimus, -a, -um laetissimē happiest most happily fortissimus, -a, -um fortissimē bravest most bravely 45 SECTION 3 Superlative Adverbs There are some adverbs that do not follow the regular rules. These are often the same words that are formed irregularly for comparative and superlative adjectives. It is important to memorize the following chart. 46 SECTION 4 Irregular Adverbs POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE diu for a long time diutius for a longer time diutissimē for the longest time saepe often saepius more often saepissimē most often sērō late sērius later sērissimē latest bene well melius better optimē best male badly peius worse pessimē worst facile easily facilius more easily facillimē most easily magnopere greatly magis more maximē most, very much paulum little minus less minimē least multum much plūs more plūrimum most