Medical Terminology Exam Review, Exams of Nursing

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Page 1 NR 283 - Final Exam Cumul ative Topics liquefaction necrosis - Correct answer >>refers to the process by which dead cells liquefy under the influence of certain cell enzymes example of liquefaction necrosis - Correct answer >>stroke - infarction of brain tissue, it swells and then disappears coagulative necrosis - Correct answer >>when the cell proteins are altered or denatured, and the cells retain some form for a time after death (scar patch/tissue) example of coagulative necrosis - Correct answer >>myocardial infarction and chronic kidney disease fat necrosis - Correct answer >>when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the presence of infection or certain enzymes example of fat necrosis - Correct answer >>complications from cellulitis caseous necrosis - Correct answer >>a form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick, yellowish, "cheesy" substance forms example of caseous necrosis - Correct answer >>tuberculosis Type I - Correct answer >>· Mechanism: o IgE bound to mast cells o Release of histamine and chemical mediators · Effects: o Immediate inflammation o Pruritis · Examples: o Hay fever o Anaphylaxis · Why is epinephrine so helpful for the treatment of anaphylaxis? · Reduces swelling in airway by relaxing smooth muscles in the airway Type II - Correct answer >>· Mechanisms: · IgG or IgM reacts with antigen on cell-complement activated · Effects: · Cell lysis P a g e 1 | 8 Page 2 · Phagocytosis · Examples: · ABO blood incompatibility Type III - Correct answer >>· Mechanisms: · Antigen-antibody complex deposits in tissue-complement activated · Effects: · Inflammation · Vasculitis · Examples: · Autoimmune disorders o Systemic lupus erythematosus o Glomerulonephritis Type IV - Correct answer >>· Mechanisms: · Antigen binds to T lymphocyte · Sensitized lymphocyte releases lymphokines · Effects: · Delayed inflammation · Examples: · Contact dermatitis · Transplant rejection what type of virus is HIV - Correct answer >>HIV is a retrovirus, which means it is a group of RNA viruses that insert a DNA copy of their genome into the host cell to replicate. HIV mainly attacks what cells - Correct answer >>HIV destroys helper T cells (CD4 lymphocytes), causing loss of the immune response and increased susceptibility to secondary infections and cancer. function of Helper T cells - Correct answer >>are to activate B and T cells; control or limit specific immune response. when do HIV symptoms develop - Correct answer >>It takes 2-4 weeks after exposure after initial exposure to show symptoms. how is HIV transmitted - Correct answer >>Body fluids - such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. P a g e 2 | 8 Page 5 is acute necrotizing fasciitis deadly - Correct answer >>Yes and it can cause possible organ failure how is acute necrotizing fasciitis treated - Correct answer >>-Aggressive antimicrobial therapy -Fluid replacement -Excision of all infected tissue -High oxygen flow in hyperbaric chambers -Possible amputation to prevent further spread of infection emphysema - Correct answer >>-Destruction of the alveolar walls and septae, leads to large, permanently inflated alveolar air spaces -Alveoli sac is broken and retains CO2 -barrel chest chronic bronchitis - Correct answer >>-"Blue bloater" - low oxygen, cannot get air in -Bronchioles are inflamed aspiration - Correct answer >>Passage of food or fluid, vomitus, drugs, or other foreign material into trachea and lungs what causes aspiration - Correct answer >>-Solid objects lodge in a passageway and obstruct airflow at that point -Large object may occlude trachea and block all airflow clinical manifestations of aspiration - Correct answer >>-Coughing and choking with marked dyspnea -Stridor and hoarseness -Wheezing -Tachycardia and tachypnea -Nasal flaring, chest retractions, marked hypoxia -Cardiac or respiratory arrest quickly ensues emergency treatment of aspiration - Correct answer >>Heimlich maneuver to dislodge the solid object asthma - Correct answer >>o Involves periodic episodes of severe but reversible bronchial obstruction in persons with hypersensitive or hyper responsive airways o May be acute (single episode) or chronic (long-term) status asthmaticus - Correct answer >>-Persistent severe attack of asthma, does not respond to therapy -Often related to inadequate medical treatment -May lead to severe hypoxia, acidosis to cardiac arrhythmias or CNS depression P a g e 5 | 8 Page 6 signs and symptoms of asthma - Correct answer >>o Cough, marked dyspnea, tight feeling in the chest, agitation o Wheezing o Breathing is rapid and labored o Thick and tenacious or sticky mucus is coughed up o Respiratory alkalosis or acidosis pneumothorax - Correct answer >>· Prevents expansion of the lung, leads to atelectasis · Closed, open, or tension why is tension pneumothorax life-threatening - Correct answer >>One-way valve effect, opening enlarges on inspiration but opening sealed off during expiration - prevents removal of air from the pleural cavity emergency treatment of pneumothorax - Correct answer >>o Transport to hospital as soon as possible o Chest tube pulls air out of the space why does chest pain happen - Correct answer >>Sudden sub sternal chest pain that radiates to the left arm, shoulder, jar, or neck is the hallmark of MI. The pain is usually described as severe, steady, and crushing, and no relief occurs with rest or vasodilation what vessels do myocardial infarctions happen in - Correct answer >>coronary arteries how are myocardial infarctions treated - Correct answer >>-Reduce cardiac demand. -Oxygen therapy -Analgesics -Anticoagulants -Thrombolytic agents may be used. -Tissue plasminogen activator -Medication to treat: -Dysrhythmias, hypertension, congestive heart failure -Cardiac rehabilitation begins immediately. left sided heart failure - Correct answer >>-crackles, pleural effusion, hypoxia, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, orthopnea, frothy sputum right sided heart failure - Correct answer >>-JVD, peripheral edema, ascites, anasarca, hepatomegaly, nausea, anorexia, GI bloating peripheral vascular disease - Correct answer >>A circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs. P a g e 6 | 8 Page 7 signs and symptoms of peripheral vascular disease - Correct answer >>-Increasing fatigue and weakness in legs as blood flow decreases -Sensory impairment (paresthesias or tingling, burning, and numbness) -Peripheral pulses distal to the occlusion become weak or absent -Appearance of skin of feet and legs changes, marked pallor or cyanosis when legs are elevated, rubor or redness when dangling -Skin dry and hairless, toenails thick and hard, poorly perfumed areas iron deficiency anemia - Correct answer >>most common anemia; treated with iron pills or IV administration in severe cases; clinical manifestations: red swollen tongue, pica (eating non- nutritional items i.e. ice and dirt), craving red meat. pernicious anemia - Correct answer >>lack of vitamin B12 due to lack of intrinsic factor; intrinsic factor is found in the stomach and necessary to metabolize vitamin B12; common in weight loss surgery patients, malnourishment, and can occur idiopathically; treated with vitamin B12 injections. aplastic anemia - Correct answer >>bone marrow suppression; can be cause by medications, chemotherapy, infections, or happen idiopathically; patient has low RBC count (anemia), low platelet count (bleeding), and low WBC count (infection). sickle cell anemia - Correct answer >>recessive genetic disorder; Hgb is identified as HgbS; cells sickle and cause occlusions throughout the body; form a crescent shape which causes clumping; can range from mild to severe presentation in patients. acute venous insufficiency - Correct answer >>-"unilateral, red, swollen, leg"; -pathophysiology: acute venous occlusion (DVT) -etiology: Virchow's triad (immobility, hypercoagulation, endothelial injury) -CM: red, warm, swollen extremity -treatments: anticoagulant medication -complications: CVA, PE, MI chronic venous insufficiency - Correct answer >>-"bilateral, swollen, discolored, weeping legs"; -pathophysiology: chronic venous insufficiency, blood gets stuck in extremities -etiology: smoking, sedentary lifestyle, obesity, HTN, sitting/standing for long periods, pregnancy -CM: bilateral swollen, deep red/rubor in color, weeping wounds -treatments: correct lifestyle factors, elevate legs, TED hose walking, leg exercises -complications: high risk for acute venous insufficiency acute arterial insufficiency - Correct answer >>-"cold, blue legs"; -pathophysiology: acute occlusion of an artery -etiology: chronic arterial insufficiency, CAD risk factors -CM: pulseless, painful, cold, blue/purple extremity P a g e 7 | 8