NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Updat, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Nursing

Download NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Updat and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide CHAPTER 2: FLUID, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE (5 questions) 1. EDEMA Increased capillary permeability 2. HYPOKALEMIA/HYPERKALEMIA -Cardiac dysrhythmias 3. PARATHYROID HORMONE (4 Scenarios) -produced in parathyroid gland which are four pea-sized glands that lie behind the thyroid gland -Calcium balance and phosphorus level is controlled by parathyroid hormone -Hypoparathyroidism can lead to hypocalcemia -Hyperparathyroidism can lead to hypercalcemia and bone demineralization that may cause spontaneous fractures. 4. ACIDOSIS (He said general/systemic effect of acidosis) -Excess hydrogen ions -Decrease in serum pH -Addition of bicarbonate to the blood to reverse acidosis (lactate solution) ****Effects of Acidosis Direct effect of acidosis are manifested by the Nervous Sytem: -Impaired nervous system function -Headache -Lethargy -Weakness -Confusion -Coma and death -Compensation -Deep rapid breathing (Kussmaul’s respirations) -Secretion of urine with a low pH 5. RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION (related to anesthesia/drugs on how compensation happens) -Compensation happens for anesthesia, increase in secretion of H+ ions into filtrate CHAPTER 5: INFLAMMATION AND HEALING (5 questions) 1. TEARS -nonspecific/First line of defense/mechanical barrier 2. CONTROLLING ELEVATED TEMPERATURE NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update -body response thru vasodilation, sweating, lethargy and body extend 3. ICE AND EDEMA -Ice/cold cause vasoconstriction, decreasing pain and edema 4. ASPIRIN -aspirin in pediatrics risk for Reye’s Syndrome , complication involves brain and liver damage and can be fatal. 5. NEUTROPHILS -nonspecific, phagocytize bacteria -neutrophils (a leukocytes) and macrophage randomly engulf and destroy bacteria, cell debris and foreign matter CHAPTER 12: CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DISORDERS (10 questions) 1. ANGINA ***NITROGLYCERIN -Occurs when there is a deficit of oxygen to meet myocardial needs 2. MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION (MI) -death of cardiac muscle resulting from prolonged ischemia ***How is MI Diagnosed? -Diagnosis is confirmed through electrocardiogram (ECG) changes and serum enzyme and isoenzyme levels. -Serum levels of myosin and cardiac troponin are elevated; -serum electrolyte levels may be abnormal; -leukocytosis and an elevated C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) are common; -arterial blood gas is altered. - Pulmonary artery pressure measurements should be conducted to determine ventricular function. 3. CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE (CHF) -Heart is unable to pump out sufficient blood to meet metabolic demands of the body. 4. BETA-ADRENERGICS (slows heart rate) -Prevent increased heart rate in response to Sympathetic Nervous System and Cholamines -example: Metoprolol (Lopressor), Atenolol, Propranolol, Nadolol 5. ENDOCARDITIS (Infective Endocarditis) *Subacute is caused by Streptococcus viridans----(Low virulent) *Acute is caused by Staphylococcus aureus----(High virulent) NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update -If cell-mediated immunity is adequate: -Some bacilli migrate to lymph nodes—granuloma—formation of tubercle (contains live bacilli)— walled off and calcifying -Tubercle may be visible on chest radiograph. -Bacilli may remain viable in a dormant stage for years. -Individual’s resistance and immune responses high, bacilli remain walled off -Primary or latent infection—individual has been exposed and infected, but does not have disease and is asymptomatic -Individual cannot transmit disease ***SECONDARY OR REINFECTION OF TB -Occurs when client’s cell-mediated immunity is impaired because of: -Stress -Malnutrition -HIV infection -Age -Mycobacteria begin to reproduce and infect lung. -Active TB, which can be spread to others! ***MILIARY OR EXTRA PULMONARY TB -Rapidly progressive form more common in children < 5 years -Early dissemination to other tissues -If lesions are not found in the lungs, this is not contagious. -Common symptoms include weight loss, failure to thrive, and other infections such as measles. ***ACTIVE TB (PRIMARY OR SECONDARY) -Organisms multiply, forming large areas of necrosis. -Cause large open areas in lung—cavitation -Cavitation promotes spread into other parts of lung. -Infection may spread into pleural cavity. -Cough, positive sputum, radiograph showing cavitation -Disease in this form is highly infectious when there is close personal contact over a period of time. ***Diagnostic tests -First exposure or primary infection -Indicated by positive tuberculin (skin) test results -Active infections -Acid-fast sputum test -Chest radiograph -Sputum culture and sensitivity Treatment: Long-term treatment with a combination of drugs Length of treatment varies from 6 to 12 months. -Effective treatment requires monitoring and follow-up and is expensive. NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update -TB is becoming an increasingly serious problem because of: -Homelessness and crowding in shelters -HIV infection -Lack of health care -Multidrug resistant TB 4. RESTRICTIVE LUNG DISORDERS -Group of disorders with impaired lung expansion and reduced total lung capacity 5. PULMONARY EDEMA (Select which one is NOT the cause of Pulmonary Edema) ***SO, KNOW THE CAUSES: -inflammation in the lungs, increasing capillary permeability -plasma protein levels are low, decreasing plasma osmotic pressure -pulmonary hypertension, increasing hydrostatic pressure. 6. ADULT RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME (PICK 2 OUT OF 4 CAUSES) ------So, KNOW THE 4 CAUSES….. -Causes the release of chemical mediators: 1.Increases permeability of alveolar capillary membranes 2. Increased fluid and protein in interstitial area and alveoli 3. Damage to surfactant-producing cells 4. Diffuse necrosis and fibrosis if patient survives 7. SARS ****SARS is an acute respiratory infection caused by a previously unknown virus. ***Cause: SARS-CoV (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-associated coronavirus) is the microbial agent responsible for SARS. It is transmitted by respiratory droplets during close contact. 8. PRIMARY ATYPICAL PNEUMONIA (PAP) aka Interstitial Pneumonia -Mycoplasma pneumoniae is causative agent (influenza virus) -Viral form caused by influenza A or B, adenoviruses, RSV --Common in older children and young adults -Transmitted by aerosol -Nonproductive hacking cough -hoarseness, sore throat, headache, mild fever, malaise -Infection varies greatly in severity. -Infection is usually self-limiting NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update CHAPTER 14: NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS (5 questions) • Intracranial pressure (question is related to pupil reaction) -Pressure in the cranial nerve III • Collateral circulation (when does it occurs) -occurs when CVA results from ATHEROSCLEROSIS. • Tetanus (All EXCEPT question. KNOW THEM ALL) - Caused by Clostridium tetani - Spores can survive in soil (years). - Wound - Exotoxin enters nervous system o Tonic muscle spasms o Jaw stiffness o Difficulty swallowing o Stiff neck o Headache and skeletal muscle spasm o Respiratory failure • CVA (Cerebrovascular Stroke) - Predisposing factors: -Diabetes -Hypertension -Systemic lupus erythematosus -Elevated cholesterol levels (hyperlipidemia) -Atherosclerosis - History of TIAs -Increasing age -Obstructive sleep apnea -Heart disease -Smoking • Epilepsy (All EXCEPT question) -old word for recurrent seizures/ convulsion -uncontrolled excessive firing/discharge of neurons in the brain -sudden depolarization of nephrons cause abnormal motor or sensory activity and possibly loss of consciousness -Status epilepticus- recurrent or continuous seizures w/o recovery of consciousness CHAPTER 16: ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS DISORDERS (10 questions) • Hypoparathyroidism - Leads to hypocalcemia o Weak cardiac muscle contractions NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update -Insidious in onset and diagnosis may be missed -Often occurs in older clients and assumed to be cognitive impairment -Results in severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances Manifestation: -Hyperglycemia -Severe dehydration -Increased hematocrit -Loss of turgor -Increased heart rate and respirations -Electrolyte imbalances result in: -Neurologic deficits -Muscle weakness -Difficulties with speech -Abnormal reflexes o Diabetic ketoacidosis (occurs most in Type 1) ▪ Occurs in insulin-dependent clients ▪ More commonly seen in type 1 diabetes ▪ Result of insufficient insulin in blood ▪ High blood glucose levels ▪ Mobilization and use of lipids to meet cellular needs result in production of ketoacids ▪ May be initiated by infection or stress ▪ May result from error in dosage, infection, change in diet, alcohol intake, or exercise ▪ Signs and Symptoms of Diabetic ketoacidosis • Dehydration o Thirst, dry, rough oral mucosa o Warm, dry skin • Rapid, deep respiration—acetone breath o Lethargy, decreased responsiveness • Metabolic acidosis o May lead to loss of consciousness • Electrolyte imbalances o Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, weakness - Chronic Complications of Diabetes o Macroangiopathy—affects large arteries ▪ Result of abnormal lipid levels • High incidence of heart attacks, strokes, peripheral vascular disease • May result in ulcers on feet and legs—slow-healing • Frequent infections and gangrenous ulcers • Amputation may be necessary. o Peripheral neuropathy NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update ▪ Common complication caused by ischemia in microcirculation to peripheral nerves • Impaired sensation, numbness, tingling, weakness, muscle wasting o Infections ▪ Common and often more severe in diabetics ▪ Infections in feet and legs caused by vascular and neurological impairment ▪ Fungal infections common • Caused by Candida • In vagina and/or oral cavity ▪ Urinary tract infections ▪ Dental caries ▪ Gingivitis and periodontitis o Cataracts ▪ Opacity of lens in eye ▪ Related to abnormal metabolism of glucose o Pregnancy ▪ Complications in both mother and fetus may occur. ▪ Increased incidence of spontaneous abortions ▪ Infants born to diabetic mothers: • Increased size and weight for date • May experience hypoglycemia in first hours postnatally • Cushing’s Syndrome (Increase in cortisol secretion) (2 or 3 questions) ****All characteristics EXCEPT Exopthalmos (staring eyes w/infrequent blinking) ****Condition causes immunosuppression ****Which conditions precipitate/exacerbate by hyperglycemia---Cushing’s - Changes associated with Cushing’s syndrome o Change in person’s appearance ▪ Round face, with ruddy color ▪ Truncal obesity, with fat pad between scapulae ▪ Thin limbs ▪ Thin hair ▪ Fragile skin, striae - Retention of sodium and water - Suppression of the immune response - Stimulation of erythrocyte production - Emotional lability and euphoria - Increased catabolism of bone and protein - Delayed healing - Increased insulin resistance and possible glucose intolerance • Antidiuretic hormone ADH (Multiple questions. KNOW THEM ALL) NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update - Secreted by the posterior pituitary -Reabsorption of water in distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts - Deficit in ADH results to DIABETES INSIPIDUS!!!!!!! o Adenoma o May originate in the neurohypophysis ▪ Head injury or surgery ▪ Possible genetic problem ▪ Replacement treatment required - Inappropriate ADH syndrome o Excess ADH ▪ May be temporary, triggered by stress; may be secreted by an ectopic source, such as a tumor o Treatment ▪ Diuretics ▪ Sodium supplements CHAPTER 17: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS (3 questions) Liver (hepatic portal circulation) -The arterial and venous blood mix (oxygenated and deoxygenated blood mix) and flow through sinusioid. Oral Candidiasis (Thrush) -Candida albicans—causative agent -Often part of the resident flora -Opportunistic infection -Prolonged used of antibiotic (broad spectrum) -During and after cancer therapy -Immunocompromised individuals or those with diabetes Ulcerative Colitis (Iron deficiency anemia related) -cannot reabsorb the iron back to the body -ulceration causes bleeding, from blood, breaking down of hemoglobin occurs, the by product is bilirubin and iron. CHAPTER 18: URINARY SYSTEM DISORDER (2 questions) RENAL FAILURE (study table mix and match type question) - Acute Renal Failure (reversible) -Acute bilateral kidney infection or inflammation -Sudden onset NR 283 Patho Final Exam Guide Best Questions And Answers Latest Tested And Verified Update