NR 599 Final Exam / NR599 Final Exam Study Guide (LATEST, 2022/2023): Chamberlain College, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Nursing

Download NR 599 Final Exam / NR599 Final Exam Study Guide (LATEST, 2022/2023): Chamberlain College and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! Final Exam Study Guide • Ethical decision making o refers to the process of making informed choices about ethical dilemmas based on a set of standards differentiating right from wrong. This type of decision making reflects an understanding of the principles and standards of ethical decision making, as well as the philosophic approaches to ethical decision making, and it requires a systematic framework for addressing the complex and often controversial moral questions. • Examine the ethical dilemma (conflicting values exist). • Thoroughly comprehend the possible alternatives available. • Hypothesize ethical arguments. • Investigate, compare, and evaluate the arguments for each alternative. • Choose the alternative you would recommend. • Act on your chosen alternative. • Look at the ethical dilemma and examine the outcomes while reflecting on the ethical decision • Bioethical standards o six contemporary bioethical standards: ▪ (1) autonomy, refers to the individual’s freedom from controlling interferences by others and from personal limitations that prevent meaningful choices, such as adequate understanding. Two conditions are essential for autonomy: liberty, meaning the independence from controlling influences, and the individual’s capacity for intentional action. ▪ (2) freedom, ▪ (3) veracity, The right to truth ▪ (4) privacy, ▪ (5) beneficence, refers to actions performed that contribute to the welfare of others. Two principles underlie beneficence: Positive beneficence requires the provision of benefits, and utility requires that benefits and drawbacks be balanced. One must avoid negative beneficence, which occurs when constraints are placed on activities that, even though they might not be unjust, could in some situations cause detriment or harm to others. ▪ (6) fidelity, The extent to which a simulation mimics the processes of a real environment; in the context of ethics, the right to what has been promised. • Telehealth o Telecommunication technologies used to deliver health-related services or to connect patients and healthcare providers to maximize patients’ health status. A relatively new term in the medical/nursing vocabulary, referring to a wide range of health services that are delivered by telecommunications-ready tools such as the telephone, videophone, and computer. • Medical Applications • An app is defined as a medical device and may be subject to regulation by the FDA if “the intended use of a mobile app is for the diagnosis of a disease or other conditions, or the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or if it is intended to affect the structure or function of the body of man” o Provides a list of examples of apps that are not currently viewed as medical devices, such as apps that help users organize personal medical data, track fitness, or self-manage a disease. • however, the mobile app is an accessory to a regulated medical device, then it is also considered a medical device and is subject to FDA oversight. • • Medical Devices o medical device and may be subject to regulation by the FDA if “the intended use of a mobile app is for the diagnosis of a disease or other conditions, or the cure, mitigation, treatment, or prevention of disease, or if it is intended to affect the structure or function of the body of man” • FDA Oversight for Medical Devices o • Privacy o An important issue related to personal information, about the owner or about other individuals, that focuses on sharing this information with others electronically and the mechanisms that restrict access to this personal information. • Confidentiality o The mandate that all personal information be safeguarded by ensuring that access is limited to only those who are authorized to view that information. • Cybersecurity o the state of being protected against the criminal or unauthorized use of electronic data, or the measures taken to achieve this. o The FDA oversees the safety of medical devices, which includes addressing the management of cybersecurity risks and hospital network security. • Computer-aided translators o Human translation is the only validated method for translation in a medical setting. o from case study- google translate has 57.7% accuracy compared to human translator for medical phrase translations for English • HIPPA o Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act -passed 1996 o establishes national standards for the protection of certain health information o providers and organizations participating in the government HIT related payment program are required to attest that they meet certain privacy and security measures. o The HIPAA Privacy Rule establishes national standards to protect individuals’ medical records and other personal health information and applies to health plans, health care clearinghouses, and those health care providers that conduct certain health care transactions electronically. The Rule requires appropriate safeguards to protect the privacy of personal health information, and sets limits and conditions on the uses and o underdoseor overdose alerts based on renal or liver function or age or drug levels o actionable clinical guidelines o condition-specific order sets o focused patient data reports and summaries o diagnostic support o contextually relevant reference information. • CDSS tools are designed to help sift through enormous amounts of digital data to suggest next steps for treatments, alert providers to available information they may not have seen, or catch potential problems, such as dangerous medication interactions. • Workflow analysis • A progression of steps (tasks, events, and interactions) that constitute a work process; involve two or more persons; and create or add value to the organization’s activities. In a sequential workflow, each step depends on the occurrence of the previous step; in a parallel workflow, two or more steps can occur concurrently. The term “workflow” is sometimes used interchangeably with “process” or “process flow,” particularly in the context of implementations. A sequence of connected steps in the work of a person or team of people—that is, the process or flow of work within an organization; a virtual illustration of the “real” work or steps (flow) that workers enact to complete their tasks (work). The purpose of examining and redesigning workflow is to streamline the work process by removing any unnecessary steps that do not add value or might even hinder the flow of work. • Workflow Analysis-Not an optional part of clinical implementations, but rather a necessity for safe patient care fostered by technology. The ultimate goal of workflow analysis is not to “pave the cow path,” but rather to create a future- state solution that maximizes the use of technology and eliminates non– value-added activities. Although many tools and methods can be used to accomplish workflow redesign (e.g., Six Sigma, Lean), the best method is the one that complements the organization and supports the work of clinicians. • A typical output of workflow analysis is a visual depiction of the process, called a process map. • When workflow analysis occurs postimplementation, it is often referred to as optimization. Optimization is the process of moving conditions past their current state and into more efficient and effective method of performing tasks. • The terms efficient and effective are widely known in quality areas or Six Sigma and Lean departments • Technology without workflow consideration can reduce efficiency and raise costs • technology implemented without consideration of workflow can provide greater patient safety concerns than no technology at all. • Can results in redundant documentation, non-value-added steps, and additional time spent at the computer rather than in direct care delivery. • Example case study- printing and distribution of information that is available in the EHR to be reviewed, signed, and acted upon • Process owners are those persons who directly engage in the workflow to be analyzed and redesigned • Technology ought not to be implemented for the sake of automation unless it promises to deliver gains in patient outcomes and proper workflow.