NR228 Exam 2 Review Question and answers, Quizzes of Nursing

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NR 228 Exam 2 Review Water as a nutrient in the body - Water is mainly absorbed during digestion because it is inorganic and is not digested - Water helps in the process of metabolism o It can be released as a byproduct o Can be part of the process in which releases energy o It becomes available for body functions when glycogen is used for energy Water’s function - Gives shape and rigidity to cells - Keeps body temperature stable - Conducts heat - Helps keep the body cool through evaporation - Acts as a lubricant (joint fluid and mucous) - Forms a shock-absorbing fluid cushion - Delivers nutrients and removes waste - Moves minerals throughout the body Homeostasis - Maintained by electrolytes including minerals and blood proteins - Two most important minerals are sodium and potassium o Sodium  extracellular fluid  edema occurs when too much water is retained  can lead to hypertension due to the high blood pressure when there is too much  hyponatremia when deficiency occurs  deficiency from dehydration and diarrhea  too much sodium is hard for the body to handle and can be toxic o Potassium  Intracellular fluid  Crucial in normal functioning muscles (including the heart)  Can stop the heart if there is too much  Deficiency is caused by vomiting and diarrhea  Toxicity usually only occurs through supplements - Treatment of nausea/ vomitting o Crackers o Ginger ale o Water - Treatment of constipation o High fiber o Dates and grapes o Laxatives Fiber - Fiber and laxatives go right through us - Soluble o Dissolve in fluids o Include:  Pectin  Mucilage  Psyllium seed husk  Guar gum - Insoluble o Do not dissolve in fluids o Provide structure and protection for plants o Include  Cellulose  Hemicellulose Nutrients - Bioavailability o Having a nutrient or drug but then seeing how well our body can absorb and make good use out of it - Nutrients get processed through food - Essential o The ones our body cannot make o We must get these through our daily intake of food and water - Non-essential o The ones our body can make o We replenish them ourselves everyday Minerals - Calcium o Bone and teeth formation o Helps muscles o Too much can cause stiff muscles - Phosphorous o Bone and teeth formation (same as calcium) o Needed for DNA - Iodine o Thyroxine (thyroid hormone) o Regulates growth and development o Use iodized salt on food due to usual lack of iodine - Fluoride o Bone and teeth formation o Increases stability of bone - Magnesium o Bone structure o Regulates nerve and muscle function - Chloride o Maintaining fluid balance o Component of hydrochloric acid used in metabolism o Used for respiratory as well - Childhood (1-12) - This is when children need to make sure they get enough calcium and iron o Stage 1 (1-3)  One fruit or vegetable serving equals one tablespoon of fruit or vegetable per year of age  Bread or cereal is ¼ of an adult serving  2 or 3 8 ounce cups of milk per day  Meats or meat substitutes can be offered at least twice a day  This is the prime time to introduce a variety of foods  Can be prone to iron deficiency  Snacks are good to incorporate o Stage 2 (4-6)  Peer influence starts to occur  Child can develop a food jag which is wanting to eat a narrow range of foods  Still a good time to introduce new foods  Snacking is key to add as a pattern through the day o Stage 3 (7-12)  You have less influence on what these kids eat  Variety and balance have already been taught by this stage  Pre-puberty can cause a weight build-up  Snacks start disappearing o Adolescence (13-19)  Puberty occurs and struggles start  This is where we become concerned with eating disorders and teen pregnancy - Adulthood (20-death) o Early years (20’s and 30’s)  This is where we need to start adding exercise  Growth is completed  Calcium and phosphorous are decreased o Middle years (40’s and 50’s)  Cell loss starts  Dietary pattern: • High fiber • Low fat • High protein  Body mass replaced with body fat o Older years (60’s thru 80’s)  Adjust to retirement  Depression as people start to pass away  Dehydration may occur  Memory loss and dementia  Dental health can deteriorate  Constipation is a higher risk Medicine - Traditional o Forces of nature o Illness is viewed as an imbalance of ying and yang o Herbal medicine - Complementary o Healing approaches as well as conventional medicine o Prescription medication and yoga class is an example - Alternative o Therapies are used instead of medicine o herbal medicines and shark cartilage to treat cancer instead of surgery and radiation are an example - Naturopathic o Noninvasive, natural healing o Acupuncture, exercise, massage, and dietary alterations are examples - Natural remedies o These are becoming much more popular GERD - Gastroesophageal reflux disorder - Something to help is to not lie down for 1-2 hours after eating - Also known as heartburn