NR599 Midterm Study Guide-Informatics(Latest Update 2021-2022), Exams of Nursing

Download NR599 Midterm Study Guide-Informatics(Latest Update 2021-2022) and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NR599 Midterm Study Guide-Informatics(Latest Update 2021-2022) 2022 · Midterm Study guide NR 599 Informatics General principles of Nursing Informatics Nursing informatics is the specialty that integrates nursing science with multiple information management and analytical sciences to identify, define, manage, and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in nursing practice. One of the most frequently quoted and widely accepted definitions of nursing informatics is that it is a combination of nursing science, information science and computer science · Knowledge •All nurses have the opportunity to be involved in the formal dissemination of knowledge via their participation in professional conferences either as presenters or attendees. •All nurses, regardless of the practice arena, must use informatics and technology to inform and support that practice. · Wisdom •Wisdom is the application of knowledge to an appropriate situation. •In the practice of nursing science, we expect action and/or actions directed by wisdom. •Wisdom uses knowledge and experience to heighten common sense and insight to exercise sound judgment in practical matters. It is developed through knowledge, experience, insight and reflection. · Scientific Underpinning The scientific underpinnings of practice provide the basis of knowledge for advanced nursing practice. These scientific underpinnings include sciences such as biology, physiology, psychology, ethics, and nursing. · The Foundation of Knowledge Model According to Mastrain and McGonigle (2009), one of the most prominent models associated with nursing informatics is the Foundation of Knowledge model. This theory involves integrating four main kinds of knowledge, which are: knowledge acquisition, knowledge dissemination, knowledge generation and knowledge processing. Knowledge acquisition: application of knowledge acquired through education, research, and practice to provide services and interventions to patients to maintain, enhance, or restore their health, and to acquire, -comprised of structured and unstructured data · Human-Technology Interface The hardware and software through which the user interacts with any technology (e.g., computers, patient monitors, telephone, etc.). · Health Information Technology Management and processing of information with the assistance of computers. Computers and IT provide tools that aid data collection and the analysis associated with research to support the overall work of nurses. · Alarm fatigue You get so many alerts that you get numb to them and begin ignoring them · Digital natives Not computer smart, unable to navigate through computers easily. Lack of computer skills. · Information Literacy Competency Standards for Nursing Developed by the TIGER initiative. Three components identified: (1) information literacy, (2) computer literacy, and (3) clinical information management 1. Information literacy a. Ability to identify when information is needed as well as the skills to find, evaluate, and effectively use the same b. Evaluation of online resources for quality c. Able to search literature databases effectively 2. Computer literacy a. Basic familiarity with computer uses and common applications b. Ability to navigate hyperlinks c. Able to set up and use a database 3. Clinical information management a. Uses clinical decision making (CDS) and system safeguards to protect patients and protected health information (PHI) b. Able to request and evaluate reports for the purpose of informed decision making c. Participate in the selection, design, and evaluation of clinical information systems and patient-care technologies d. Uses available technologies to appropriately and effectively communicate · HITECH Act push for more technology to be used especially for education · TIGER-based Nursing Informatics Competencies Model The work of the Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform team. This team of nursing leaders developed a vision for utilizing information technology to transform nursing practice. Pillars of the TIGER vision include: management and leadership, education, communication and collaboration, informatics design, information technology, policy, and culture. WEEK ONE READING/KEY POINTS McGonigle, D. & Mastrian, K. (2018). ● Chapter 1 ○ Nursing informatics: specialty that integrates nursing science, computer science, cognitive science, and information science ○ For information to be valuable & quality it must be: ■ Accessible & Utility: right user obtain right information at the right time in the right format ■ Accurate: ■ Timely: available when needed for the right purpose at the right time ■ Complete: contains all necessary essential data ■ Cost-effective ■ Flexible: information may be used for a variety or purposes ■ Reliable: authoritative or credible source ■ Relevant: subjective descriptor that has relevant information that is useful ■ Simple ■ Verifiable ■ Transparency: allows user to apply their intellect to accomplish tasks while tools housing the information disappears into the background ■ Secure ■ Reproducibility: ability to produce the same information again ● Chapter 2 ○ Data: raw facts ○ Information: processed data that has meaning ○ Data integrity: whole, complete, correct, and consistent data ○ Dirty data: database that contains errors such as duplicate, incomplete, or outdated records ○ Information science: study of information science-- concerned with input, processing, output, and feedback of data and information through technology integration with a focus on comprehending the perspective of the stakeholders involved and then applying IT as needed. ■ Systemically based-- deals with big picture, opposed to individual pieces of technology ■ Integrates communication science, computer science, cognitive science, library science, and social science ■ Links people and technology ■ Machines (inorganic ISs) Humans (organic ISs) ■ Focuses on why and how technology can be put to best use to serve the information flow within an organization ○ Information systems: handle the needs of the entire organization (communication, tracking, and research) ○ Input: collecting and acquiring raw data ■ Keyboards, touch screen, mice, light pens, automatic scanners ○ Processing: retrieval, analysis, synthesis of data-- transforms data into useful information and outputs ■ Storing for future use, making calculations, comparing data ○ Output: dissemination-- produces helpful information ■ Reports, documents, summaries, alerts, outcomes ● Chapter 3 ○ Motherboard: central nervous system of the computer-- facilitates communication among all components of the computer ○ Hard disk: permanent data storage area that holds gigabytes of data, information, documents even when the computer is turned off. Backing up important files are important because disk drives are not infallible ○ Random-access memory: temporary storage that allows the processor to access program codes and data while working on a task--the contents of RAM are lost once the system is rebooted or shuts off ○ Software: application programs ■ OS software ● Most important software on any computer ● Very first program to load on computer start-up and is fundamental for the operation of all other software and the computer hardware ● Allows user to multitask with ease ● Described in 6 basic processes: Memory, device, processor, and storage management, application and user interface ■ Productivity software ● Chapter 7 ○ Advocate/policy developer ■ A nurse informatics specialist who is key to developing the infrastructure of health policy. Policy development on the local, national, and international levels is an integral part of this role. ○ Certification ■ System for validating that a nurse possesses certain skills and knowledge or is competent to complete a task. Competence and skill level are determined by or based on an external review, assessment, examination, or education. ○ Consultant ■ A person hired to provide expert advice, opinions, and recommendations based on his or her area of expertise. ○ Data ■ Raw facts that lack meaning. ○ Decision support/outcomes manager ■ Person charged with reviewing the effects of interventions suggested by the computerized decision support system. ○ Educator ■ Sage, leader, and/or guide who assists in the process or practice of learning. ○ Entrepreneur ■ Person who assumes the risks of beginning an enterprise or business and accepts responsibility for organizing and managing the organization. ○ Informatics ■ A field that integrates a specialty’s science, computer science, cognitive science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in a specialty’s practice. ○ Informatics innovator ■ One who makes enhancements or improvements and creative, novel, and inventive solutions in the informatics specialty. ○ Informatics nurse specialist ■ A registered nurse with formal, graduate education in the field of informatics or a related field, who is considered a specialist in the field of nursing informatics. ○ Knowledge worker ■ Those who work with information and generate information and knowledge as a product. ○ Medical informatics ■ A specialty that integrates medical science, computer science, cognitive science, and information science to manage and communicate data, information, knowledge, and wisdom in medical practice. ○ Product developer ■ One who designs, creates, and builds a product ○ Project manager ■ Person responsible for the success of a project, who manages the planning and enactment of the project. ○ Researcher ■ The one who researches ○ TIGER initiative ■ The work of the Technology Informatics Guiding Education Reform team. This team of nursing leaders developed a vision for utilizing information technology to transform nursing practice. ● Chapter 15 ○ Adverse events ■ Any undesirable experiences or outcomes in a patient related to the use of a medical treatment or product. ○ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) ■ An agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that supports health services research initiatives. ○ Bar-code medication administration (BCMA) ■ A system using bar-code technology affixed to the medication ○ Clinical decision support (CDS) ■ A computer-based program designed to assist clinicians in making clinical decisions by filtering or integrating vast amounts of information and providing suggestions for clinical intervention. ○ Computerized physician order entry (CPOE) ■ Clinicians place orders within these systems instead of using traditional handwritten transcription onto paper. ○ Electronic medication administration system (eMAR) ■ A system that uses bar-coding technology in order to submit and fill prescriptions. ○ Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) ■ A systematic evaluation of a process to determine how and why it failed to produce the desired results. ○ Government Accountability Office (GAO) ■ The highest audit institution of the federal government that provides auditing, evaluation, and investigative services for the U.S. Congress. ○ High-hazard drugs ■ Drugs known to cause significant adverse side effects when administered inappropriately ○ Human factors engineering ■ Recognizing the limitations of human performance and developing products to overcome these limitations. ○ Just culture ■ An atmosphere of trust ○ Never events ■ Events that should never occur, such as wrong-site surgeries and retained surgical objects. ○ Radio frequency identifier (RFID) ■ An identification chip that stores information for retrieval. ○ Root-cause analysis ■ Similar to failure modes and events analysis; analysis to discover why a process is faulty or produces an undesired result. ○ Safety culture ■ An organizational commitment to patient safety and the prevention of medical errors. ○ Smart pump ■ Machine used to infuse medication that includes dose-checking technology and safeguards ○ Smart rooms ■ Patient rooms that are equipped with technologies to increase patient safety and improve patient care. ○ Systems engineering ■ An approach where technology manufacturers partner with organizations to identify risks to patient safety and promote safe technology integration. ○ Wearable technology ■ The study or practice of inventing, designing, building, or using miniature body-borne computational and sensory devices. McBride, S., & Tietze, M. ● Chapter 2 ○ Advanced practice ■ Designed to improve the science of simulation and share best practice and provide evidence based guidelines. ○ Interprofessional ■ Analytic technique that focuses on how a task must be accomplished, including detailed descriptions of task-related activities, task characteristics and complexity, and the environmental conditions required for a person to perform a given task. ○ Usability ■ The ease with which people can use an interface to achieve a particular goal. Issues of human performance during computer interactions for specific tasks within a particular context. ○ Workarounds ■ Ways invented by users to bypass the system to accomplish a task; usually indicate a poor fit of the system ● Chapter 14 (pages 266-269) ○ EHR ■ Computer-based data warehouses or repositories of information regarding the health status of a client, which are replacing the former paper-based medical records; they are the systematic documentation of a client’s health status ○ HITECH ■ Title XIII of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act, which was enacted in February 2009. Under this act, healthcare organizations can qualify for financial incentives based on the level of meaningful use achieved; the HITECH Act specifically incentivizes health organizations and providers to become “meaningful users.” ○ American Recovery and Reinvestment Act (ARRA) ■ An economic stimulus package enacted in February 2009 that was intended to create jobs and promote investment and consumer spending during the recession. This act has also been referred to as the Stimulus or Recovery Act. There was a push for widespread adoption of health information technology, ○ Meaningful use ■ The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 specifies three main components of meaningful use: ● (1) the use of a certified electronic health record (EHR) in a meaningful manner, such as e-prescribing ● (2) the use of certified EHR technology for electronic exchange of health information to improve quality of health care ● (3) the use of certified EHR technology to submit clinical quality and other measures. ○ The criteria for meaningful use will be staged in three steps. ■ Stage 1 (2011–2012) set the baseline for electronic data capture and information sharing. ■ Stage 2 (2013) ■ Stage 3 (expected to be implemented in 2015) will continue to expand on this baseline and be developed through future rulemaking. McBride, S., & Tietze, M. (2018). ● Chapter 1 ○ Health information exchange (HIE) ■ Data translated into actionable information with extensive data management and reporting capability on which providers can manage and improve care ○ Medicare Access and CHIP Reauthorization Act (MACRA) ■ there is significant emphasis on expanding the requirement to capture more structured data, better quality reporting, and better capacity to exchange data using HIEs within and across states and regions ○ Merit-Based Incentive Payment System (MIPS) ■ with a focus on interoperability ○ National Strategy for Quality ■ Improvement in Health Care, several legislative components have been implemented. ○ Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) ■ focused on providing all Americans with access to quality and affordable healthcare ○ The third content domain of the NEHI framework: goal to improve patient outcomes ■ Patient safety ■ Population health ■ Quality ● Chapter 8 ○ Agile ■ Agile development is a technique that is a programmer-driven technique that creates a feedback loop with the end users. This technique is based primarily on verbal communication with the end user and does not rely on documentation strategies ○ Alpha testing ■ testing is done using test data or “made-up” data. ○ beta testing ■ gets a step closer to production with a sample of “real” data to test how the system functions and looks for any errors that might arise. ○ big-bang implementation ■ all units or hospitals in a system go live at once ○ command center ■ A 24-hour resource center on site for the first 3 days of each rollout. ○ commercial off-the-shelf products ■ require customization. Customization must be done in-house by a design team, or the design team is contracted through the vendor or a service provider company. This design work requires close alignment with end-user requirements. ○ core implementation team ■ The team is on site the first 24 hours and available by cell or pager for 2 weeks thereafter. ○ cost–benefit analysis ■ Is the cost worth the benefit ○ Evaluation ■ Evaluating how well the product is working ○ Implementation ■ Putting the product into effect ○ integration testing ■ one or more modules or components work together (integrate) and function as designed. ○ project management ■ is an essential tool of the design phase of the SDLC because it is required to keep implementation and development projects on time, in scope, and within budget. ○ rapid application development ■ RAD deploys software tools and analysis and design strategies to speed up development. The goal is to get systems rapidly into the hands of the end user to test and refine the product to meet the end-user requirements ○ request for information ■ is a shorter, less detailed request that surveys what type of products might fit the end user’s needs, ○ request for proposal (RFP) ● Chapter 16 ○ Blogs ■ Interactive, online weblogs. Typically a combination of what is happening on the Web as well as what is happening in the blogger’s or creator’s life. ○ Digital divide ■ The gap between those who have and those who do not have access to online information. ○ Domain name ■ A series of alphanumeric characters that forms part of the Internet address or URL ○ E-brochure ■ Electronic brochure. Patient education material that is typically tied to an agency website and may include such information as descriptions of diseases and their management, medication information, or where to get assistance with a healthcare issue. ○ E-health ■ Healthcare initiatives and practice supported by electronic or digital media. The most typical use is for patient and family education where information is communicated electronically. ○ eHealth Initiative ■ Initiative developed to address the growing need for managing health information and to promote technology ○ Empowerment ■ Promotion of self-actualization; achievement of power or control over one’s own life. ○ Gray gap ■ A term used to reflect the age disparities in computer connectivity; there are fewer persons older than age 65 who use computer technology than members of younger age groups. ○ HONcode ■ One of the two most common symbols that power users look for to identify trusted health sites. ○ Interactive technologies ■ Technologies that promote or support user communication with other persons ○ Know–do gap ■ Situation that exists because solutions to global health problems are available but are not implemented in a timely fashion because of the lack of access to important health information. ○ Static medium ■ Something that cannot be updated ○ Trust-e ■ One of the two most common symbols that power users look for to identify trusted health sites. ○ Voice recognition ■ A type of software that allows the user to input data or to navigate the Web using voice commands. ○ Web quests ■ Searches of the World Wide Web for information. ○ Weblog ■ A website that contains the contributions of single or multiple users about a particular topic or issue. ● Chapter 17 ○ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) ■ A federal agency that acts as a repository for research and data regarding hazardous materials that serves the public by using the best science ○ Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System ■ An assessment system initially designed to collect information on the movement of mentally impaired persons from state-operated facilities into community settings. ○ Bioterrorism ■ The use of pathogens or other potentially harmful biological agents to sicken or kill members of a targeted population. ○ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) ■ An agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that works to protect public health and safety related to disease control and prevention. ○ Community risk assessment (CRA) ■ A comprehensive examination of a community to identify factors that potentially affect the health of the members of that community. ○ Crowdsourcing ■ Information generated by individuals on social media. ○ Epidemiology ■ The field of study identifying things that come upon the people. Incidence, prevalence, and control of disease. ○ National Center for Public Health Informatics (NCPHI) ■ Center created in 2005 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to provide leadership in the field of public health informatics. ○ National health information network ■ An agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services charged with the development of a safe, secure, interoperable health information infrastructure. ○ National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey ■ A survey sponsored by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that combines both questionnaires and physical examinations to collect data on the health and nutritional status of adults and children in the United States. ○ Public health ■ The science of protecting the well-being of communities and the population through education, research, intervention, and prevention. ○ Public health informatics ■ An aspect of informatics focused on the promotion of health and disease prevention in populations and communities. ○ Public health interventions ■ Actions taken to promote and secure the well-being of a population or a community. ○ Regional health information exchanges ■ A regional network of healthcare organizations and providers who exchange information related to the health of the population. ○ Risk assessment ■ Determination of risk or danger, such as assessing for risk factors related to heart disease. ○ Suicide Prevention Community Assessment Tool ■ Risk assessment method that addresses general community information, prevention networks, and the demographics of the target population as well as community assets and risk factors. ○ Surveillance ■ The act of watching for trends in health-related data for early detection of health threats. ○ Surveillance data systems ■ A networked computer system designed to use health-related data trends to predict the probability of an outbreak of a contagious or infectious disease or to detect morbidity and mortality trends ○ Syndromic surveillance ■ A specialized system of data collection that seeks to detect trends in the incidence and severity of a specific disease or health-related syndrome and plan the public health response. ○ Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System