Understanding Health Behaviors: The Health Belief Model and Public Health, Exams of Nursing

Download Understanding Health Behaviors: The Health Belief Model and Public Health and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NSG 323 Community & Public Health Nursing COMPLETED 2023/2024 1. A nurse is conducting a home visit for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The nurse observes that the client has difficulty breathing, cyanosis of the lips and nail beds, and a productive cough with yellowish sputum. The nurse also notices that the client's home is poorly ventilated and has a strong smell of cigarette smoke. What is the most appropriate action for the nurse to take in this situation? a) Advise the client to quit smoking and refer them to a smoking cessation program. b) Administer oxygen therapy and monitor the client's vital signs. c) Educate the client about the signs and symptoms of COPD exacerbation and when to seek medical help. d) *Assess the client's oxygen saturation level and respiratory status, and contact the primary care provider for further instructions.* Rationale: The correct answer is d. The nurse should first assess the client's oxygen saturation level and respiratory status, as these are indicators of hypoxemia and respiratory distress, which are life- threatening conditions. The nurse should then contact the primary care provider for further instructions, as the client may need medication adjustment or hospitalization. The other options are not as urgent or appropriate as option d, although they may be part of the long-term management plan for the client. 2. A nurse is working in a community health center that provides services for low-income and uninsured populations. The nurse is assigned to conduct a health promotion workshop for a group of women who are at risk for cervical cancer. The nurse plans to use the Health Belief Model (HBM) as a framework for the workshop. the health problems and resources of the community, which will guide the planning and implementation of interventions. Evaluating the effectiveness of previous interventions, planning and implementing health promotion programs, and collaborating with other health care professionals and agencies are secondary purposes that depend on the results of the needs assessment. Rationale: A needs assessment is a systematic process of collecting and analyzing data to determine the health status, needs, and assets of a specific population or community. It helps to identify the gaps between the current and desired situations, prioritize the needs, and allocate resources accordingly. 2. A community health nurse is working with a group of teenage mothers who have dropped out of school. She helps them to enroll in an alternative education program that also provides child care, counseling, and health services. What type of intervention is this? a) Primary prevention b) Secondary prevention c) Tertiary prevention d) Quaternary prevention Answer: B. This is an example of secondary prevention, which aims to reduce the impact of a health problem that has already occurred. By providing education, child care, counseling, and health services, the nurse is helping the teenage mothers to cope with their situation, prevent further complications, and improve their quality of life. Primary prevention would be to prevent teenage pregnancy in the first place, tertiary prevention would be to rehabilitate or restore function after a disability or chronic illness, and quaternary prevention would be to avoid overmedicalization or unnecessary interventions. 3. A community health nurse is collaborating with a local school to implement a school-based health center (SBHC). The SBHC provides comprehensive primary care, mental health, dental, and vision services to students and their families. What are some of the benefits of SBHCs for the community? (Select all that apply) a) They increase access to health care for underserved populations b) They reduce absenteeism and improve academic performance c) They promote healthy behaviors and prevent chronic diseases d) They decrease emergency department visits and hospitalizations e) They enhance social support and community engagement Answer: A, B, C, D, E. All of these are benefits of SBHCs for the community. SBHCs increase access to health care for underserved populations by providing convenient, affordable, and culturally competent services in a familiar setting. SBHCs reduce absenteeism and improve academic performance by addressing the physical, mental, and emotional needs of students that may interfere with their learning. SBHCs promote healthy behaviors and prevent chronic diseases by offering preventive care, screening, immunization, counseling, and education. SBHCs decrease emergency department visits and hospitalizations by providing timely diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic conditions. SBHCs enhance social support and community engagement by involving parents, teachers, staff, and community partners in the planning, delivery, and evaluation of services. Rationale: SBHCs are an innovative model of delivering comprehensive primary care to children and adolescents in schools. They are designed to meet the specific needs of the school population and the surrounding community. They have been shown to improve access to care, quality of care, health outcomes, and cost-effectiveness. 4. A community health nurse is evaluating a smoking cessation program that was implemented in a workplace. She uses a questionnaire to measure the participants' knowledge, attitudes, What are the three core functions of public health and how do they relate to population health? (3 points) Answer: The three core functions of public health are assessment, policy development, and assurance. Assessment involves collecting and analyzing data on the health status and needs of a population. Policy development involves creating and implementing plans and interventions to address those needs. Assurance involves ensuring that the policies are effective and that the population has access to quality health services and resources. 1. What are some of the social determinants of health and how do they affect population health outcomes? (3 points) Answer: Social determinants of health are the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age that influence their Beneficence means doing good or promoting well-being for others. Non-maleficence means avoiding harm or minimizing harm for others. Justice means ensuring fairness and equity in the distribution of benefits and burdens among different groups of people. Solidarity means expressing mutual support and cooperation among people who share common interests or goals. Accountability means being responsible for one's actions and outcomes. Transparency means being open and honest about one's intentions, methods, and results. Participation means involving stakeholders in the planning, implementation, evaluation, and improvement of population health activities. 5. What are some of the strategies and tools that can be used to measure and evaluate population health outcomes? (3 points) Answer: Some of the strategies and tools that can be used to measure and evaluate population health outcomes are indicators, indices, surveys, registries, surveillance systems, dashboards, scorecards, reports, audits, reviews, evaluations, research studies, etc. Indicators are quantitative or qualitative measures that reflect a specific aspect or dimension of population health. Indices are composite measures that combine multiple indicators into a single score or rank. Surveys are systematic collections of data from a sample or a population using questionnaires or interviews. Registries are databases that collect information on specific diseases or conditions from various sources. Surveillance systems are ongoing collections and analyses of data on specific health events or behaviors from various sources. Dashboards are visual displays that show key indicators or metrics at a glance. Scorecards are tools that compare performance against targets or benchmarks using indicators or metrics. Reports are documents that summarize data or information on a specific topic or issue. Audits are systematic examinations of records or processes to assess compliance or quality. Reviews are critical appraisals of evidence or literature on a specific topic or issue. Evaluations are systematic assessments of the value or impact of an intervention or program on a specific outcome or goal. Research studies are systematic investigations that generate new knowledge or test hypotheses on a specific topic or issue. . What are some of the challenges and opportunities for improving population health in the 21st century? (10 marks) -Some of the challenges for improving population health in the 21st century are: - The increasing burden of chronic diseases and aging populations - The emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance - The impacts of climate change and environmental degradation on health - The social and economic inequalities and inequities that affect health outcomes - The complexity and fragmentation of health systems and policies -Some of the opportunities for improving population health in the 21st century are: - The advancement of technology and innovation in health care delivery and research - The availability of big data and analytics for measuring and monitoring population health - The engagement and empowerment of individuals and communities in their own health - The collaboration and partnership among different sectors and stakeholders in addressing the determinants of health - The adoption of a holistic and systems approach to population health What are some of the ethical principles and values that guide population health practice? (10 . What are some of the models or frameworks that can be used to understand or analyze population health? (10 marks) -Some of the models or frameworks that can be used to understand or analyze population health are: - The ecological model: a multilevel model that considers the interactions between individuals and their physical, social, cultural, political, and economic environments - The social-ecological model: a variation of the ecological model that emphasizes the role of social factors in shaping individual and community behavior and health outcomes - The life course model: a longitudinal model that examines how biological, psychological, social, and environmental factors across different stages of life influence health trajectories - The social determinants of health model: a comprehensive model that identifies the conditions in which people are born, grow, live, work, and age as key factors that affect their health status - The population health intervention research model: a pragmatic model that guides the design, implementation, evaluation, and dissemination of interventions that aim to improve population health 1. The ability of a single person to remain free of clinical illness following exposure to an infectious agent is known as: Correct!: Immunity 2. Which of the food items (or combination of items) is most likely to be the infective item(s)? Correct!: Ice cream only 3. The case-fatality rate associated with plague is lowest in which community? Correct Answer: Community C 4. The incidence and prevalence rates of a chronic childhood illness for a specific community are given below. Correct Answer: The duration of disease is becoming longer. 5. The following table gives the mean annual age-specific mortality rates from measles during the first 25 years of life in successive 5-year periods. You may assume that the population is in a steady state (i.e., migrations out are equal to migrations in). Based on the information above, one may conclude: Correct Answer: Children ages 5 to 9 had the highest rate of death in all periods 6. In a country with a population of 16 million people, 175,000 deaths occurred during the year ending December 31, 2005. These included 45,000 deaths from tuberculosis (TB) in 135,000 persons who were sick with TB. Assume that the population remained constant throughout the year. Not all 135,000 cases of TB were contracted during 2005. Which of the following statements is true? Correct Answer: None of the above 7. In 2001, a state enacted a law that required the use of safety seats for all children under 7 years of age and mandatory seatbelt use for all persons. The table above lists the number of deaths due to motor vehicle accidents (MVAs) and the total population by age in 2000 (before the law) and in 2005 (4 years after the law was enacted). Correct Answer: Correct, because both the total and the age- adjusted mortality rates are higher in 2005 than in 2000 8. Which of the following is an advantage of active surveillance? Correct!: More accurate due to reduced reporting burden for health care providers 9. A disease has an incidence of 10 per 1,000 persons per year, and 80% of those affected will die within 1 year. Prior to the year Correct!: Transmission of infection 17. The incidence and prevalence rates of a chronic childhood illness for a specific community are given below. Based on the data, which of the following interpretations best describes disease X? Correct! :The duration of disease is becoming longer. 18. A disease has an incidence of 10 per 1,000 persons per year, and 80% of those affected will die within 1 year. Prior to the year 2000, only 50% of cases of the disease were detected by physician diagnosis prior to death. In the year 2000, a lab test was developed that identified 90% of cases an average of 6 months prior to symptom onset; however, the prognosis did not improve after diagnosis. Which statement is true concerning the disease- specific mortality rate after the development of the lab test? Correct! :The mortality rate for the disease is the same in 2000 19. Among those who are 25 years of age, those who have been driving less than 5 years had 13,700 motor vehicle accidents in 1 year, while those who had been driving for more than 5 years had 21,680 motor vehicle accidents during the same time period. It was concluded from these data that 25-year-olds with more driving experience have increased accidents compared to those who started driving later. This conclusion is: Correct Answer: Incorrect because rates are not reported 20. In a country with a population of 16 million people, 175,000 deaths occurred during the year ending December 31, 2005. These included 45,000 deaths from tuberculosis (TB) in 135,000 persons who were sick with TB. Assume that the population remained constant throughout the year. Not all 135,000 cases of TB were contracted during 2005. Which of the following statements is true? Correct! : None of the above