Neurotransmitters, Family Nursing, and Attachment Styles, Exams of Nursing

Download Neurotransmitters, Family Nursing, and Attachment Styles and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NSG 527 Final Exam176 Questions with Correct answers 2024 1) Acetylcholine - ✓✓✓involved in voluntary movement, learning, memory, and sleep? 2) Acetylcholine - ✓✓✓Too much ___? _____is associated with depression, and too little in the hippocampus has been associated with dementia. 3) Dopamine - ✓✓✓correlated with movement, attention, and learning? 4) Dopamine - ✓✓✓Too much? Has been associated with schizophrenia, and too little_________? is associated with some forms of depression as well as the muscular rigidity and tremors found in Parkinson's disease. 5) Norepinephrine - ✓✓✓associated with eating, alertness? 6) Norepinephrine - ✓✓✓Too little _______? has been associated with depression, while an excess has been associated with schizophrenia. 7) Epinephrine - ✓✓✓involved in energy, and glucose metabolism? 8) Serotonin - ✓✓✓plays a role in mood, sleep, appetite, and impulsive and aggressive behavior? 9) Serotonin - ✓✓✓Too little_______? is associated with depression and some anxiety disorders, especially obsessive-compulsive disorder. Some antidepressant medications increase the availability of _________? at the receptor sites 10)GABA - ✓✓✓inhibits excitation and anxiety? 11)GABA - ✓✓✓Too little ______? Is associated with anxiety and anxiety disorders. Some antianxiety medication increases _____? At the receptor sites. 12)Endorphins - ✓✓✓involved in pain relief and feelings of pleasure and contentedness? 13)Frontal Lobe - ✓✓✓• Executive functioning and personality • Maintain and focus attention • Organize thinking, planning, speech, and motor activities • Weigh consequences • Set goals • Modulate emotions P a g e 1 | 19 • Integrate ideas, emotions, and perceptions • Shapes personality? 14)Parietal lobe - ✓✓✓• Body sensations • Motor activities, attention and perception of spatial relations • Processes sensory impulses from the thalamus • Maintains focused attention • Registers acts of aggression • Wernicke's area located in the left temporoparietal junction is responsible for the comprehension of speech?? 15)Temporal lobe - ✓✓✓• Emotion and memory circuits • Hearing, learning, memory circuits, sexual identity, and processing of auditory stimuli • Gives emotional tone to memories • Is involved in making moral judgments 16)Occipital lobe - ✓✓✓• Vision • Visual memory • Reading • language formation • reception of vestibular, acoustic, and tactile stimuli 17)Cerebrum - ✓✓✓• Functions as an auxiliary structure for the entire cerebral cortex • Posture and balance in walking • Sequential movements required in eating and writing • Control speed and acceleration of movement • Involved in smooth eye movement • Cognition and language • Memory and impulse control 18)Brainstem (Medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain) - ✓✓✓• Medulla oblongata- regulation of blood pressure, respiration, and digestion. Reflex center for vomiting coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccupping. • Pons- Relays information from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum • Midbrain- control many sensory and motor functions including eye movement 19)Locus cerulean - ✓✓✓• Produces norepinephrine • Activity maintains arousal • Inactivity allows sleep 20)Dorsal raphe - ✓✓✓• Produces serotonin • Control sleep wake cycle P a g e 2 | 19 39)2 Self-awareness of one's culture 40)3 Understanding the dynamics of cultural differences 41)4 Knowledge of the client's family culture 42)5 Adaptation of services to support the client's culture 43)6 Responding to families/family members in an empathetic manner. 44)cultural empathy. The nurse should assess? - ✓✓✓family self-identified ethnicity, family's degree of acculturation (languages spoken, recent migration, Native culture, community discriminations, etc., religious preferences or practices) 45)Family systems 7 Basic strategies for working with? - ✓✓✓1. Select appropriate system to work with 46)2. Providing more time to work with unacculturated families 47)3. Dealing with language differences 48)4. Taking into account families interactional norms 49)5. Focusing on family strengths and families' positive adaptation 50)6. Promoting positive change 51)7. Being aware of and utilizing family's support systems 52)first attachment theorist described as "lasting psychological connectedness between human beings? - ✓✓✓John Bowl by 53)He believed early bonds formed by children with caregivers have tremendous impact and continues throughout life? - ✓✓✓John Bowl by 54)Central theme is that primary caregivers respond to infants needs and child develops a sense of security? - ✓✓✓Attachment theory 55)Expanded on Bowles' original work in 1970. She described 3 major styles of attachment: secure, ambivalent-insecure, and avoidant-insecure attachment? - ✓✓✓Ainsworth 56)Attachment theory stages? - ✓✓✓1. Pre-attachment birth - 3 months 57)2.Indiscriminate 6 weeks - 7 months, 58)3.Discriminate Attachment: 7 -11 months 59)4.Multiple Attachment: after 9 months 60)Indiscriminate 6 weeks - 7 months - ✓✓✓infants begin to show preference for primary/secondary caregivers. Begin to feel trust that caregivers will respond to their needs. By 7 months begin to distinguish familiar and unfamiliar people, respond more positively to primary caregiver? 61)Discriminate Attachment: 7 -11 months - ✓✓✓show a strong attachment to specific individual, will begin to protest when separated from primary attachment- separation anxiety and begin to display stranger anxiety? P a g e 5 | 19 62)Primary - ✓✓✓Prevent the occurrence of disease? 63)Secondary - ✓✓✓After the disease occurrence 64)Early detection, diagnosis, treatment of signs and symptoms? 65)Tertiary - ✓✓✓Recovery and rehabilitation 66)Maximize the level of functioning? 67)Role of the Family Nurse-Functions-Primary prevention - ✓✓✓Health promotion and disease prevention 68)Most exciting role for the family nurse 69)Teach families to take responsibility for health and attain health goals by enjoying a healthy lifestyle? Type of prevention? 70)Role of the Family Nurse-Functions- Secondary prevention - ✓✓✓Conduct screening assessments 71)Make referrals 72)Determine patterns of dysfunction 73)Health teaching? 74)Role of the Family Nurse-Functions- Tertiary Prevention - ✓✓✓Provide support to families in the rehabilitation process. 75)Case manager, advocate, teacher and counselor? 76)Role of the Family Nurse-Challenges-Primary prevention - ✓✓✓Monetary/lack of financial resources 77)Attitudes of health care providers 78)Health care professional as poor role models 79)Environmental hazards 80)Lack of health knowledge in patients 81)Access to healthcare 82)Education 83)Employment? 84)Role of the Family Nurse-Challenges-Secondary prevention - ✓✓✓Denial of health issues 85)Maladaptation of family members—lack of coping skills 86)Dysfunction of communications? 87)Role of the Family Nurse-Challenges-Tertiary Prevention? - ✓✓✓Disability and chronic disease? 88)Considerations regarding LGBT families? - ✓✓✓Skills for working with non- traditional families are important. Awareness that families with same sex partnerships often do not have normative structure, suffer from greater stigmatization, and have different developmental stages is essential. P a g e 6 | 19 89)Nightingale's Environmental Model? - ✓✓✓Did not present a theory of nursing or family nursing 90)Emphasized the presence of environmental factors in health and wellness 91)Nurses care for the whole family unit in the home environment 92)King's Theory of Goal Attainment? - ✓✓✓Included family-as-context 93)Collaboratively the nurse and family members identify complete assessment to determine goals and a plan of care 94)The family unit provides socialization and establishes norms of behavior across the life cycle. 95)Roy's Adaptation Model? - ✓✓✓Family is a unit of analysis, in the same context as the individual 96)The family unit is adaptive and interacts with the external environment and internal and external stimuli. 97)Neumann's Health System's Model? - ✓✓✓The client is an open system where family is defined 98)Family is comprised of subsystems with relationships among the family members 99)The ability to maintain wellness when exposed to stressors occurs through a series of exchanges in the open system of the model. Appropriate model for community-based health care. 100) Orem's Self-Care Model? - ✓✓✓The family unit needs to sustain self-care 101) Nursing works with individuals to achieve self-care in the family unit; the family unit is not the direct receiver of the health care services. 102) Self-care of the family can incorporate health beliefs of the family 103) Rogers's Science of Unitary Human Beings? - ✓✓✓A family has energy fields that respond to the environment similar to individuals. 104) Families have stages of development and progress in one direction 105) Permeability of boundaries determines the degree of responsiveness required from environmental input 106) Newman's Expanding Consciousness Model? - ✓✓✓Expansion of consciousness defines health. 107) Individuals move unidirectionally to expand consciousness and allow this inside and outside of the family unit; can incorporate the family with community energy fields. 108) As the individual of a family moves towards consciousness, he/she can explain the internal dynamics of the family. 109) APN working with the family- Role of Advanced Practice Nurse(APN) - ✓✓✓• Promoting the health of one(sick individual) can improve the health of all(family) P a g e 7 | 19 132) Function of afferent neurons? - ✓✓✓Afferent neurons are sensory neurons that carry nerve impulses from sensory stimuli towards the central nervous system and brain 133) Inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter both? - ✓✓✓DOPAMINE is a special neurotransmitter because it is considered to be both excitatory and inhibitory. 134) Excitatory neurotransmitters? - ✓✓✓GABA 135) Mechanism of action for neurotransmitters in the sympathetic nervous system? - ✓✓✓Nerves that release acetylcholine are said to be cholinergic. In the parasympathetic system, ganglionic neurons use acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter to stimulate muscarinic receptors. 136) Composition of myelin? - ✓✓✓Myelin basic protein (MBP) constitutes ~23% of myelin protein, [4] myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, and proteolipid protein (PLP, which makes up ~50% of myelin protein [5]). The primary lipid of myelin is a glycolipid called galactocerebroside. 137) Etiology of Parkinson's disease? - ✓✓✓Genetics, Environment, Lowy bodies, Loss of dopamine, Age, and gender, Occupations 138) Awareness that families with same sex partnerships often do not have? - ✓✓✓normative structure and suffer from greater stigmatization, and have different developmental stages are essential. 139) Medulla oblongata? - ✓✓✓regulation of blood pressure, respiration, and digestion. Reflex center for vomiting coughing, sneezing, swallowing, and hiccupping. 140) Pons? - ✓✓✓Relays information from the cerebral hemisphere to the cerebellum 141) Midbrain? - ✓✓✓control many sensory and motor functions including eye movement 142) Involved in arousal and sleep- the "toggle switch”? - ✓✓✓Reticular activating system (RAS) 143) Nurses care for the whole family unit in the home environment? - ✓✓✓Nightingale's Environmental Model 144) 6 stages of health/illness and family interactions? - ✓✓✓1: Family Efforts at Health Promotion-Many lifestyles that affect health are learned in the family. P a g e 10 | 19 145) 2: Family Appraisal of Symptoms-This stage begins when a family member has symptoms. 146) 3: Care Seeking-A decision is made to seek medical care. 147) 4: Referral and Obtaining Care-Contact with a health care provider is initiated. 148) 5: Acute Response to Illness by Client and Family-The patient takes on the "sick role" and adaptation in this role begins with the patient and family. 149) 6: Adaptation to Illness and Recovery- Support of the patient by the family unit begins for convalescing and rehabilitating. 150) The definition of family is determined? - ✓✓✓"the family is composed of persons joined together by bonds of marriage, blood, or adoption and residing in the same household" 151) The American family today can be? - ✓✓✓Nuclear Family Adoptive Family 152) Dual- Earner Family 153) Childless Family 154) Foster Family 155) Extended Family 156) Single-Parent Family Single Adult Living Alone 157) Unmarried Teenage Mother 158) Stepparent Family 159) Binuclear Family 160) Nonmarital Heterosexual Cohabiting Family 161) Gay and Lesbian Family 162) 7 factors are revitalizing an interest in primary prevention? - ✓✓✓1Need for a change in focus and national initiatives 163) 2Consumerism and popular demand for increased self-control 164) 3Wellness movement 165) 4Growing acceptability of alternative health modalities 166) 5Lack of access to health services 167) 6Growing emphasis on health in advanced nursing practice 168) 7Growth in managed care and cost-effective, quality outcomes 169) Structural-Functional Strength(s) for Family Nursing? - ✓✓✓Comprehensive and recognizes the family within the context of the community 170) Family Social Science Theories Systems Theory? - ✓✓✓The family as a set of interacting elements distinguishable from the environment it interacts. 171) Family Stress Theory? - ✓✓✓Illness causing stress that changes family dynamics. P a g e 11 | 19 172) Resources in the family for dealing with the stressor(s). 173) Implications/reality of the event on families and how they will adapt. 174) Limited application for meeting needs of healthy families-health promotion and disease prevention 175) Family Developmental Theory? - ✓✓✓Explains the developmental changes of family members through the years. 176) Provides the ability to make predictions of family needs according the life cycle 177) A genogram? - ✓✓✓displays the family over three generations in a straightforward schematic diagram. 178) Genograms contain the following categories? - ✓✓✓Ages 179) Dates of marriage, divorce, and death 180) Significant illnesses and mental disorders or chemical dependencies 181) Immigration/ethnicity 182) Geographic moves 183) Occupations 184) Race 185) Religion 186) Males are represented by squares 187) Females are represented by circles 188) 6 Principles of Communication? - ✓✓✓1All behavior is communication— verbal or nonverbal. 189) 2Communication has 2 levels-information and command; information is the content of what is said while the command is the intent and how the message is delivered both verbally and nonverbally. 190) 3Punctuations of communication include the circularity of communication and how messages pertain to past communication (See Figure 10-4, p. 270). 191) 4Two types of communication are digital and analog; digital is verbal with analog nonverbal behavior. 192) 5Redundancy principle-families communicate with behavior sequences that are repetitive and these assist with assessment of family communication patterns. 193) 6Communication is symmetrical or complementary; symmetrical communication mirrors the other individual where complementary behavior is supplemental. 194) Family power within the family unit is determined by? - ✓✓✓the ability of a member to change the behavior of other family members. P a g e 12 | 19 237) Self-confrontation: - ✓✓✓health changing behaviors occur when individuals realize incompatibilities with their own beliefs, values, and behaviors. 238) Cognitive reframing: - ✓✓✓assists families to view past situations from a different perspective; promotes positive self-statements and increased personal control. 239) Operant conditioning: - ✓✓✓consequences determine behavior; desirable behavior is reinforced and undesirable behavior is discouraged. 240) 3 phases of stress that occur to family members? - ✓✓✓1. Antistress Period 241) 2. Actual Stress Period 242) 3. Post stress Period 243) Antistress Period? - ✓✓✓Occurs prior to confronting the stressor; anticipation; if the stressor is identified early coping strategies can be identified to lessen the impact. 244) Actual Stress Period? - ✓✓✓Increased energy required by family members to cope with stressor(s); basic survival methods can be used at this time which may include intrafamilial and spiritual resources. 245) Post stress Period? - ✓✓✓Focus is on attaining homeostasis of the family unit; families are challenged at this time and can regress in dynamics; families need to focus intensely on affective function at this time. 246) Reciprocal Determinism of the Ripple Effect: - ✓✓✓occurs when a significant stressor impacts one family member and the effect "ripples" to the entire family unit; circular causation. 247) General Systems theory, Nonsummativity: - ✓✓✓the family unit is "greater than the sum of its parts"; a comprehensive assessment of the family includes all components of the interrelatedness. 248) Self-Reflexivity and Goal Seeking: - ✓✓✓families have an innate sense to focus on their organizational structure and function and then to set goals accordingly; communication is the key methodology for ensuring success of this process. 249) Open, Family system? - ✓✓✓Open family-in an open system with the environment; change is necessary and desirable; boundaries are permeable in the family system. P a g e 15 | 19 250) Closed Systems: - ✓✓✓social control; rigidity; change is a stressor to the family 251) Random Family Systems: - ✓✓✓individual family members determine their boundaries; family dynamics are in chaos 252) Differentiation: - ✓✓✓this is the family's ability to grow and become more complex in structure and function. 253) Secure attachment is marked by? - ✓✓✓distress when separated from caregivers and are joy when the caregiver returns. 254) Ambivalently attached children? - ✓✓✓children usually become very distressed when a parent leaves. 255) When offered a choice, these children will show no preference between a caregiver and a complete stranger.? - ✓✓✓Avoidant Attachment 256) children with an -------------attachment tend to avoid parents or caregivers.? - ✓✓✓avoidant 257) Children with a _______________ attachment often display a confusing mix of behavior and may seem disoriented, dazed, or confused? - ✓✓✓disorganized 258) Children diagnosed with oppositional-defiant disorder (ODD), conduct disorder (CD) or post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) frequently display ___________problems, possibly due to early abuse, neglect or trauma? - ✓✓✓attachment 259) The hindbrain includes the??? - ✓✓✓upper part of the spinal cord, the brain stem, and a wrinkled ball of tissue called the cerebellum (1) 260) The largest and most highly developed part of the human brain: - ✓✓✓The forebrain 261) Sits at the topmost part of the brain and is the source of intellectual activities? - ✓✓✓The cerebrum 262) The ability to form words seems to lie primarily in the _____________? Hemisphere? - ✓✓✓left 263) the_____________? hemisphere seems to control many abstract reasoning skills. - ✓✓✓right P a g e 16 | 19 264) Rearmost portion of each frontal lobe is a __________________? which helps control voluntary movement. - ✓✓✓motor area 265) the left frontal lobe called ____________? allows thoughts to be transformed into words. - ✓✓✓Boca’s area 266) When you enjoy a good meal—the taste, aroma, and texture of the food— two sections behind the frontal lobes called the_____________? are at work. - ✓✓✓parietal lobes 267) Reading and arithmetic are also functions in the repertoire of each___________? lobe. - ✓✓✓parietal 268) Just behind the motor areas, are the primary ________ areas. These areas receive information about temperature, taste, touch, and movement from the rest of the body. In the - ✓✓✓sensory 269) __________? which lie in front of the visual areas and nest under the parietal and frontal lobes. - ✓✓✓temporal lobes 270) The cortex is ________1___? because nerves in this area lack the insulation that makes most other parts of the brain appear to be ________2______? - ✓✓✓1 gray 2. white. 271) The __________? about the size of a pearl, directs a multitude of important functions. It wakes you up in the morning, and gets the adrenaline flowing during a test or job interview. - ✓✓✓hypothalamus, 272) the ___________? a major clearinghouse for information going to and from the spinal cord and the cerebrum. - ✓✓✓thalamus (11) 273) An arching tract of nerve cells leads from the hypothalamus and the thalamus to the ____________? - ✓✓✓hippocampus 274) The ____________? are clusters of nerve cells surrounding the thalamus. - ✓✓✓basal ganglia (not shown) 275) The____________? is very important in the transition of information from short to long term memory. - ✓✓✓Hippocampus 276) The Hippocampus is also part of the_____? _____lobe, damage to that portion of the brain can result in a loss of memory. - ✓✓✓Temporal Lobe 277) The major effect of the _______? Is to inhibit unwanted muscular activity and disorders of the ____? _____result in exaggerated, uncontrolled movements. - ✓✓✓Basal Ganglia P a g e 17 | 19