NU 606 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology: Gould's Pathophysiology Ch 1,2,3,20,21,22, Exams of Nursing

Download NU 606 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology: Gould's Pathophysiology Ch 1,2,3,20,21,22 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NU 606 Exam 1 Advanced Pathophysiology: Gould's Pathophysiology Ch 1,2,3,20,21,22 atrophy a decrease in size atrophy a pressure area under a poorly fitting denture atrophy the changes that occur in the lower extremities of someone paralyzed below the waist hyperplasia breast enlargement at puberty hypertrophy a dramatic increase in muscle mass in an Olympic weight lifter neoplasia a very aggressively growing cancer mass neoplasia a benign tumor growing along the spine metaplasia the changes that often occur over years in the respiratory tract of a smoker dysplasia the changes responsible for an abnormal Pap smear hyperplasia the response of the skeletal system to excessive growth hormone metaplasia, dysplasia, neoplasia the thyroid gland's response to hypersecretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone hyperplasia the liver's response to prolonged drug intoxication (e.g., chronic alcohol abuse) hypertrophy the changes that occur in the gallbladder with the development of gallstones TERM hypertrophy LOCATION atrophy the effect of decreased pituitary function on the adrenal glands hyperplasia the development of callus on the hands of an individual involved in heavy physical labor dysplasia Which of the cellular adaptations above is considered the most dangerous neoplasia TERM Normal Cell LOCATION TERM Metaplasia LOCATION TERM Dysplasia LOCATION TERM Neoplasia LOCATION Electrolyte imbalances that can be present in prolonged diarrhea hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypophosphatemia tetany condition affecting nerves causing muscle spasms as a result of hypocalcemia caused by hypoparathyroidism Electrolyte imbalances that can cause kidney stones hypercalcemia Electrolyte imbalances that can affect normal cardiac function hypokalemia and hyperkalemia; hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia What pH levels will result in death less than 6.8 and greater than 7.8 Normal bicarbonate to carbonic acid ratio 20:1 Four major buffer systems sodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid system; phosphate system; hemoglobin system; protein system Sodium bicarbonate-carbonic acid ratio is 5:1. What acid-base imbalance is present? What effects would the patient experience? metabolic acidosis. The individual would experience the following manifestations: rapid, deep respirations; lethargy, weakness, confusion; coma; and decreased pH of urine. Acid-base imbalance related to chronic bronchitis respiratory acidosis—more acidic urine Acid-base imbalance related to induced vomiting (Bulimia) metabolic alkalosis—slow, shallow respirations and increased pH of urine Acid-base imbalance related to narcotic or barbiturate overdose related to respiratory depression respiratory acidosis—more acidic urine Acid-base imbalance related to extreme weight loss resulting in lipolysis metabolic acidosis—increased renal excretion of acids and conservation of bicarbonate Acid-base imbalance related to a panic attack with hyperventilation respiratory alkalosis—less acidic urine Acid-base imbalance related to pneumonia, with severe bronchial congestion respiratory acidosis—more acidic urine and increased rate and depth of respiration (if possible) Acid-base imbalance related to chronic diarrhea metabolic acidosis—increased rate and depth of respirations, more acidic urine Acid-base imbalance related to renal failure metabolic acidosis—increased rate and depth of respiration dose amount of drug administered at a single time dosage total amount of the drug given over a period of time therapeutic effect The desired or intended effect adverse drug reaction any unexpected, unintended, undesired, or excessive response to a medication given at therapeutic dosages (as opposed to overdose) types/forms of adverse drug reaction hypersensitivity; idiosyncratic reactions; iatrogenic reactions; teratogenic; drug interactions hypersensitivity an exaggerated response by the immune system to a particular substance idiosyncratic reactions an unusual or unexpected reaction to a drug that is peculiar to the individual iatrogenic reactions negative effect due to medication error, drug overdose, unusual response teratogenic cause developmental defects in the embryo/fetus drug interactions effect of drug is modified when combined with another drug, food, herbal compounds, or other materials topical medications Lotions, creams, and ointments that are applied to the surface of the skin and affect only that area (e.g., steroid cream, local anesthetics, antimicrobials, eye drops) transdermal medication patch applied to the skin for absorption into the blood (e.g., long-term continuous administration of nitroglycerin, nicotine patch, scopolamine patch, estradiol) oral medication by mouth; medication that is swallowed and absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and then rapidly absorbed by the body (e.g., aspirin, vitamins, cough syrup, antibiotics) sublingual under the tongue (e.g., nitroglycerin, loperamide, testosterone) subcutaneous injection beneath the epidermis and dermis, into the subcutaneous layer of the skin (e.g., insulin, heparin, interferon) intramuscular injection into the muscle (e.g., penicillin, meperidine, tetanus and diphtheria toxoid, vitamin B12) intravenous injection into a vein, into the bloodstream (e.g., general anesthetic like sodium pentothal, morphine, diazepam, vincristine) inhalation into the respiratory tract (e.g., bronchodilator medication, glucocorticoid inhaler, anesthetics such as nitrous oxide) onset of action: topical rapid onset of action: transdermal Rapid; long-term, continuous onset of action: oral Long time to onset (30-60 min) onset of action: sublingual Immediate onset of action: subcutaneous Slow absorption; some drug loss onset of action: intramuscular Good absorption into blood, sometimes lag and drug loss onset of action: intravenous Immediate and no drug loss onset of action: inhalation Rapid; little drug loss What happens to a drug once it is absorbed into the blood? Once in the bloodstream, drugs are transported by the circulating blood through various pathways, branching off into different organs or tissues. Depending on the specific characteristics of a drug, some may be lost temporarily in storage areas such as fatty tissue (e.g., anesthetics) or may be quickly metabolized. Eventually, the drug reaches the target organ or tissue, moves into the interstitial fluid, and exerts its effect. Most drugs are gradually metabolized and inactivated in the liver and then excreted in the kidneys—a few in the bile or feces. Manner in which many drugs exert their effects at a cellular level? Drugs interact with natural specific tissue receptors and act by either (a) stimulating the receptors, increasing biologic activity; or (b) blocking the receptor sites, decreasing activity. where are most drugs metabolized liver How are most drugs or metabolites excreted from the body? by the kidneys How can liver disease affect drug activity? Disease of the liver could impair or slow drug metabolism; therefore, the drug is active longer. This prolongs the drug's effects. If the individual is taking the drug regularly, blood levels will gradually increase, possibly resulting in toxic effects. Liver disease may result in decreased production of plasma proteins. This results in decreased protein binding, resulting in increased free drug in circulation and therefore increased drug effects. How can kidney disease affect drug activity? Kidney disease may interfere with drug excretion—the drug and its metabolites could accumulate, resulting in increased and prolonged drug effects.