NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSIT, Exams of Nursing

Download NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSIT and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • •Neither recessive nor dominant—co-dominant. • Hemoglobin S causes erythrocytes to be abnormally shaped. • Abnormal erythrocytes carry less oxygen and clog vessels, causing hypoxia and tissue ischemia. Exercise-induced asthma Chronic Bronchitis Sickle Cell Anemia Occupational asthma • blood flow reestablished to quickly NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Distributive shock Anaphylactic shock Reprofusion injury spinal cord injury • •Life-threatening complication of many conditions • Results from an inappropriate immune response • Widespread coagulation followed by massive bleeding because of the depletion of clotting factors NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ stress incontinence secondary brain injury Glands that regulate calcium NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • •Result from direct injury to the spinal cord or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. • Causes: motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence, sports injuries, and weakening vertebral structures (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or osteoporosis). • Direct damage can occur if the spinal cord is pulled, pressed sideways, or compressed. -This damage may occur if the head, neck, or back twists abnormally during an accident or injury. • Hemorrhage, fluid accumulation, and edema can occur inside or outside the spinal cord (but within the spinal canal). • The accumulation of blood or fluid can compress the spinal cord and damage it. • Spinal shock: temporary suppression of neurologic function because of spinal cord compression; neurologic function gradually returns. Complications NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • Loss of neurologic functioning • Varying degrees of paralysis • Cauda equina syndrome: injury to the nerve roots in the area of the cauda equina • Autonomic hyperreflexia: a massive sympathetic response that can cause headaches, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, stroke, and death; most commonly associated with injuries above T6 • Neurogenic shock: an abnormal vasomotor response secondary to disruption of sympathetic impulses • Respiratory failure • Effects of immobility (e.g., constipation, pulmonary infections, urinary infections, thrombus, impaired skin integrity, contractures) • Changes in bowel and bladder function • Sexual dysfunction • Chronic pain • Death Normal HCO3 levels NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ drugs stress incontinence Increased Intracranial Pressure Chronic Bronchitis Secondary hypertension • •Chronic inflammatory disease characterized by thickening and hardening of the arterial wall. • Inflammatory process is triggered by a vessel wall injury. • Lesions develop on the vessel wall and calcify over time. • Leads to vessel obstruction, platelet aggregation, and vasoconstriction NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • Complications: peripheral vascular disease, coronary artery disease, thrombi, hypertension, and stroke • Manifestations: asymptomatic until complications develop • Treatment: similar to dyslipidemia with the addition of angioplasty, bypass, laser procedures, and artherectomy Atherosclerosis Lobar pneumonia Tuberculosis TB Hypertension NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • kidney injury and prerenal injury can lead to hemostasis asthma bleeding seizure signs • •Second most common blood cancer • Cancer of the leukocytes • Leukemia cells abnormally proliferate, crowding normal blood cells Pneumonia Leukemia NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Nosocomial pneumonia Anaphylactic shock esophageal varices • decreased blood volume alpha cells Encephilitis Hypovolemic shock Hypovolemia NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • •Blue bloaters" • Characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, a productive cough, and excessive mucus production • Complications: frequent respiratory infections and respiratory failure Chronic Bronchitis Occupational asthma Intrinsic asthma Acute Bronchitis • •Prolonged elevation in blood pressure. • Excessive cardiac workload due to vasoconstriction, which leads to increased NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ afterload. • Vasoconstriction decreases renal blood flow, leading to inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system. • Hypertension can be classified into systolic or diastolic based on which measure is elevated. seizure signs Hypertension Emphysema Tuberculosis TB NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ found in one part of a tissue or an organ near these lymph node groups. Cells may also be found in the spleen. -Stage IV: Lymphoma cells are found in several parts of one or more organs or tissues, or the lymphoma cells are in an organ and in distant lymph nodes. -Recurrent: The disease returns after treatment. Coronary Artery Disease Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging Pregnancy-induced hypertension Peripheral Vascular Disease NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • make glucagon - helps raise blood sugar levels alpha cells anemia symptoms hypoatremia appendicitis • has Reed-Sternberg cells tension pneumothorax Cushing's syndrome NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Normal HCO3 levels Hodgkin's lymphoma • •Manifestations: dyspnea, labored and shallow respirations, rales, productive cough with frothy sputum, hypoxia, cyanosis, fever, hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness, confusion, lethargy, and anxiety • Treatment: endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilator, oxygen therapy, corticosteroids, antibiotics (if bacterial infections are present), and emboli precautions Alzheimer's Disease Manifestations and Treatment Cystic Fibrosis Manifestations and Treatment Emphysema Manifestations and Treatment NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ secondary brain injury Traumatic Brain Injury contact dermatitis • Another word for homeostasis Balance Stable Angina Encephilitis menigitis NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • No Reed-Sternberg cells Lobar pneumonia Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma tension pneumothorax metastatic cancer • objective evidence of disease such as a fever sign Shock Ventilation 24 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ CT scan • Primary Infection -When bacillus first enters the body. -Macrophages engulf the microbe, causing a local inflammatory response. -Some bacilli travel to the lymph nodes, activating the type IV hypersensitivity reaction. -Granuloma and tubercle forms. -Caseous necrosis and Ghon complexes develops. -Bacilli can remain dormant for years. -Usually asymptomatic. Will test positive now. 27 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • Two main conditions: chronic bronchitis and emphysema Polycythemia Manifestations and Treatment Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease COPD Emphysema Manifestations and Treatment 28 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Chronic Bronchitis • shows brain's electrical activity by positioning electrodes over the scalp Thrombocytopenia Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Bone electrolytes EEG (electroencephalogram) • •Vary depending on the degree of damage and the specific nerves affected. • Characterized by remissions and exacerbations. • Exacerbations may last for days to months. 29 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • Fever, hot baths, sun exposure, and stress can trigger or worsen these episodes. May progress without remissions. • Fatigue • Loss of balance • Muscle spasms • Paresthesia or abnormal sensation in any area • Problems moving arms or legs • Weakness in one or more arms or legs • Unsteady gait • Lack of coordination • Tremor in one or more arms or legs • Constipation and stool leakage • Urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, or incontinence • Vision issues (e.g., diplopia and vision loss) • Decreased attention span, poor judgment, and memory loss • Difficulty reasoning and solving problems 32 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ cerebral palsy intercranial pressure • A condition that occurs when there is widespread dilation of the small arterioles, small venules, or both. hemorrhagic stroke stress incontinence Aspiration pneumonia Distributive shock 33 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • make insulin - take glucose into cells beta cells Encephilitis Leukopenia emphysema lecture • •Manifestations -Typically appear around 4 months of age -Sickle cell crisis • Painful episodes that can last for hours to days NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • Pain caused by tissue ischemia and necrosis • Triggered by dehydration, stress, high altitudes, and fever • Manifestations include abdominal pain, bone pain, dyspnea, delayed growth and development, fatigue, fever, jaundice, pallor, tachycardia, skin ulcers, angina, excessive thirst, frequent urination, priapism, and vision impairment • Treatment -No cure, palliative -Stem cell research showing promise -Medications (e.g., Hydrea [hydroxyurea]) -Avoid sickling triggers -Other strategies: oxygen therapy, hydration, pain management, infection control, vaccinations, blood transfusions, bone marrow transplants, genetic counseling NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ sickle cell crisis unstable angina • Abnormally low white blood cell count • Normal range = 5,000 to 10,000 cells/mL3 blood beta cells Leukopenia Pneumonia CT scan NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • damage to the alveoli air can get in, but not out emphysema lecture NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Normal CO2 levels anemia symptoms Stabilize the patient • Manifestations • May be vague and develop slowly, or may be sudden and severe. • Symptoms may improve and then suddenly worsen. • The outward appearance of the head is not an indication of the injury severity. • Not being able to recall event details • Indications of a concussion • Changes in or unequal pupil size NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • not enough ADH Alkalosis Stable Angina spinal cord injury diabetes insipidus • -Homozygous. -Most severe. -Almost all erythrocytes are sickled. Cushing's syndrome NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ sickle cell crisis Sickle cell disease Normal CO2 levels • •Frequently caused by aspirin—prevents the conversion of prostaglandins, which stimulate leukotriene release, a powerful bronchoconstrictor. • Can be fatal. • Reactions can be delayed up to 12 hours after drug ingestion. Acute Bronchitis Drug-induced asthma stress incontinence NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Tuberculosis TB • pulmonary edema, wet coughing, shortness of breath, and dyspnea Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Left sided heart failure symptoms Right sided heart failure symptoms Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) 47 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Extrinsic asthma Shock • Makes protein Acidosis hemostasis Ribosomes Alkalosis 48 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • •Rapidly developing respiratory failure • Results from fluid accumulation in the alveoli due to a systemic or pulmonary event that is not cardiac in origin • Causes: shock, burns, aspiration, and smoke inhalation acute hypoxemia • Complications: respiratory and metabolic acidosis; pulmonary fibrosis; pneumothorax; bacterial infections; decreased lung function, muscle wasting; memory, cognitive, and emotional issues; and death Acute Bronchitis Emphysema Manifestations and Treatment Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 49 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Pregnancy-induced hypertension • acidosis alkalo sis respira tory metab olic Stabilize the patient Arterial blood gas (ABG) Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) 52 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • Adequate nutrition, including plenty of liquids • Respiratory support • Reorientation and emotional support • Analgesics and antipyretics to relieve headaches and fever • Antiviral agents (if viral) • Antibiotic therapy (if bacterial) • Corticosteroids to reduce cerebral edema • Antiseizure agents • Sedatives to treat irritability and restlessness • Physical, speech, and occupational therapy • Prevention: vaccinations, wearing protective clothing, using mosquito repellant, and eliminating water sources Tuberculosis Secondary Infection Encephalitis Manifestations and Treatment 53 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Tuberculosis Primary Infection Alzheimer's Disease Manifestations and Treatment • level of consciousness Use Glasgow Coma Scale to measure Meningitis Manifestations and Complications A sensitive indicator of neurological change Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) EEG (electroencephalogram) • What to do if a suspected spinal cord injury 54 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Stabilize the patient unstable angina Aspiration pneumonia Right sided heart failure symptoms • oxygen levels are down CO2 levels are up nonmodifiable risk factors coronary artery disease (CAD) 57 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • •Manifestations: leukopenia, anemia, thrombocytopenia, lymphadenopathy, joint swelling, bone pain, weight loss, anorexia, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and central nervous system dysfunction • Treatment: chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant Cystic Fibrosis Manifestations and Treatment Leukemia Increased Intracranial Pressure Leukemia Manifestations and Treatment • fast 58 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ metabolis m weight loss thin agitate d elevate d HR hot Grave's disease Tuberculosis Secondary Infection hyperthyroidism manifestations Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) 59 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Chronic lymphoid leukemia • a hormone cascade pathway that helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume kidney secretes it during acute respiratory failure Disseminated intravascular coagulation - DIC Coronary Artery Disease Manifestations, Complications renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) • An inflammation of the skin caused by having contact with allergens esophageal varices 62 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ brain tumor can cause it Things that can make it worse coughing sneezing bearing down hemorrhagic stroke Aspiration pneumonia Tuberculosis Primary Infection intercranial pressure 63 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • inflammation of the appendix right lower quadrant pain Encephalitis Encephilitis appendicitis Meningitis • -Develops more than 48 hours after a hospital admission Stabilize the patient 64 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Nosocomial pneumonia 67 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Coronary Artery Disease Increased Intracranial Pressure • chest pain that persists shoulder pain jaw pain pain in left arm myocardial infarction symptoms Community-acquired pneumonia cardiac output 68 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Potassium and Magnesium 71. 22-26 If high - alkalosis If low - acidosis Anaphylactic shock cardiac output Normal HCO3 levels beta cells 69 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • pH below 7.35 Leukopenia Hypovolemia Acidosis Alveoli • pH above 7.45 Encephilitis pheumothroax 72 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ -Usually mild -Can lead to secondary bacterial pneumonia • Bacterial -More common than viral -Most often Streptococcus pneumoniae Aspiration pneumonia pnemonia Pneumonia Polycythemia • Excessive allergic reaction 73 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ primary brain injury Normal HCO3 levels Cardiogenic shock Anaphylactic shock • •Complications: myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and sudden death • Manifestations: angina, indigestion-like sensation, nausea, vomiting, clammy extremities, diaphoresis, and fatigue Coronary Artery Disease Manifestations, Complications Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation DIC 74 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Secondary hypertension Traumatic Brain Injury Manifestations • occurs when a blood vessel in the brain leaks or ruptures; also known as a bleed Interstitial pneumonia or atypical Cushing's syndrome Thrombocytopenia hemorrhagic stroke 77 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Chronic Bronchitis Manifestations and Treatment Cystic Fibrosis contact dermatitis Acute Bronchitis • -Occurs in the areas between the alveoli -Routinely caused by viruses or by uncommon bacteria intercranial pressure Interstitial pneumonia or atypical Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) 78 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Glands that regulate calcium • demyelination - destruction to the myelin sheath disruptions in nerve impulse conduction multiple sclerosis Ischemic strokes Cardiogenic shock Unstable Angina • calcium and phosphorus are stored there 79 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ Normal HCO3 levels 82 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • system wide infection severe inflammation due to a pathogen menigitis SIADH Sepsis Osteoporosis • atherosclerotic plaque builds up and damages the endothelium of the coronary arteries Secondary hypertension 83 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ peripheral artery disease Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) coronary artery disease (CAD) • stress hormone released by the adrenal glands on kidneys Cortisol Factor 8 Cardiogenic shock 84 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ cystitis • computed tomography scan can differentiate between different kinds of strokes pituitary gland multiple sclerosis symptom CT scan • •Narrowing of the peripheral vessels 87 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems. excessive amounts of mucus in lungs Ischemic strokes cystic fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis Manifestations and Treatment Chronic myeloid leukemia • •Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, usually resulting from an infection. • Causes: virus (e.g., coxsackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus, adenovirus, herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, West Nile virus, St. Louis virus, measles, and mumps) and bacterial infections (e.g., Lyme disease, tuberculosis, and syphilis). 88 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • Infection triggers the inflammatory response that causes vasodilatation, increased capillary permeability, and leukocyte infiltration. • The inflammatory process can cause nerve cell degeneration and diffuse brain destruction. • May be primary (direct viral infection of the brain and spinal cord) or secondary (travels from elsewhere in the body). • Most cases are mild and self-limiting, but can be severe and life threatening. • Vulnerable groups to more severe progression: immune- compromised persons, young children, older adults, those living in high-incidence areas, and those frequently outdoors. • Complications: cerebral edema, cerebral hemorrhage, and brain damage. Atherosclerosis Encephalitis contact dermatitis 89 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ cystitis • fatig ue pal e shortness of breath heavy breathing anemia symptoms Hodgkin's lymphoma appendicitis 92 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ pituitary gland Unstable Angina • pressure change in lungs Ribosomes Anaphylactic shock Lobar pneumonia pheumothroax • A condition associated with closed TBIs 93 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ momentary interruption of brain function • Usually results from a mild blow to the head that causes sudden movement of the brain, disrupting neurologic functioning. • May or may not lead to a loss of consciousness. • Amnesia, confusion, sleep disturbances, and headaches may occur for weeks or months. Cushing's syndrome Concussion Leukemia menigitis 94 of 52 NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ NUR 2063 ESSENTIALS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY (NUR2063) / PATHOPHYSIOLOGY FINAL RASMUSSEN UNIVERSITY WINTER 2021/2022 GRADED A+ • emphyse ma chronic bronchitis Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Manifestations and Treatment during acute respiratory failure Two types of COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) primary brain injury • damage directly to the brain Arterial blood gas (ABG)