NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology NUR2063 Pathophysiology FinalEXAM 184 Q& As Rasmuss, Exams of Nursing

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NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology final EXAM 1 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+  •Rapidly developing respiratory failure • Results from fluid accumulation in the alveoli due to a systemic or pulmonary event that is not cardiac in origin • Causes: shock, burns, aspiration, and smoke inhalation acute hypoxemia • Complications: respiratory and metabolic acidosis; pulmonary fibrosis; pneumothorax; bacterial infections; decreased lung function, muscle wasting; memory, cognitive, and emotional issues; and death Acute Bronchitis Emphysema Manifestations and Treatment NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 4 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Interstitial pneumonia or atypical Ventilation  •Result from meningeal irritation and neurologic damage. • Similar to meningitis but with a more gradual onset. • Most cases are mild and go undetected. • Include: flulike symptoms, headache, neck rigidity, confusion, hallucinations, personality changes, diplopia, seizures, muscle weakness, paresthesia or paralysis, loss of consciousness, tremors, abnormal deep tendon reflexes, rash, and bulging fontanel. Treatment • Usually self-limiting, requiring no treatment NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 5 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ • Rest • Adequate nutrition, including plenty of liquids • Respiratory support • Reorientation and emotional support • Analgesics and antipyretics to relieve headaches and fever • Antiviral agents (if viral) • Antibiotic therapy (if bacterial) • Corticosteroids to reduce cerebral edema • Antiseizure agents • Sedatives to treat irritability and restlessness • Physical, speech, and occupational therapy • Prevention: vaccinations, wearing protective clothing, using mosquito repellant, and eliminating water sources Tuberculosis Secondary Infection NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 6 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Encephalitis Manifestations and Treatment Tuberculosis Primary Infection Alzheimer's Disease Manifestations and Treatment  level of consciousness Use Glasgow Coma Scale to measure Meningitis Manifestations and Complications A sensitive indicator of neurological change Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 9 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ coronary artery disease (CAD) Stabilize the patient during acute respiratory failure  •X-linked recessive bleeding disorder • Deficiency or abnormality of clotting factor VIII • Varies in severity • Manifestations: bleeding or indications of bleeding (e.g., bruising, petechia, etc.) NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 10 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ • Treatment: clotting factor transfusions, recombinant clotting factors, desmopressin (DDAVP), and bleed precautions Extrinsic asthma Emphysema Thalassemia Hemophilia A  Venous return reduces because of external blood volume losses. appendicitis NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 11 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ emphysema lecture Hypovolemic shock Nosocomial pneumonia NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 14 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) Chronic lymphoid leukemia  a hormone cascade pathway that helps regulate blood pressure and blood volume kidney secretes it during acute respiratory failure Disseminated intravascular coagulation - DIC Coronary Artery Disease Manifestations, Complications renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 15 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+  An inflammation of the skin caused by having contact with allergens esophageal varices appendicitis contact dermatitis multiple sclerosis  Confined to a single lobe NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 16 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Bronchopneumonia heart and kidneys passive immunity Lobar pneumonia  pressure inside the skull swelling in brain tumor can cause it NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter 2022/2022  •Neither recessive nor dominant—co-dominant. • Hemoglobin S causes erythrocytes to be abnormally shaped. • Abnormal erythrocytes carry less oxygen and clog vessels, causing hypoxia and tissue ischemia. Exercise-induced asthma Chronic Bronchitis Sickle Cell Anemia NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Occupational asthma  blood flow reestablished to quickly Distributive shock Anaphylactic shock Reprofusion injury spinal cord injury  •Life-threatening complication of many conditions • Results from an inappropriate immune response • Widespread coagulation followed by massive bleeding because of the NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ depletion of clotting factors • Complications: shock and multisystem organ failure Disseminated intravascular coagulation - DIC Chronic Bronchitis Manifestations and Treatment Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation DIC Traumatic Brain Injury Complications  thyroid gland - T3, T4, calcitonin parathyroid gland - parathyroid hormone NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 6 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Glands that regulate calcium spinal cord injury shock sighs and symptoms Reprofusion injury  chest pain that occurs while a person is at rest and not exerting himself does not get better hemorrhagic stroke Bone electrolytes NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 7 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ sickle cell crisis unstable angina  Abnormally low white blood cell count • Normal range = 5,000 to 10,000 cells/mL3 blood beta cells Leukopenia Pneumonia NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 8 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ CT scan  damage to the alveoli air can get in, but not out emphysema lecture NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 11 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ • Restlessness • Lack of coordination • Lethargy • Stiff neck • Vomiting Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Manifestations and Treatment Acute Bronchitis Manifestations Tuberculosis Manifestations and Treatment Traumatic Brain Injury Manifestations NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 12 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+  not enough ADH Alkalosis Stable Angina spinal cord injury diabetes insipidus  -Homozygous. -Most severe. -Almost all erythrocytes are sickled. Cushing's syndrome NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 13 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ sickle cell crisis Sickle cell disease Normal CO2 levels  •Frequently caused by aspirin—prevents the conversion of prostaglandins, which stimulate leukotriene release, a powerful bronchoconstrictor. • Can be fatal. • Reactions can be delayed up to 12 hours after drug ingestion. Acute Bronchitis Drug-induced asthma stress incontinence NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 16 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ • Loss of neurologic functioning • Varying degrees of paralysis • Cauda equina syndrome: injury to the nerve roots in the area of the cauda equina • Autonomic hyperreflexia: a massive sympathetic response that can cause headaches, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, stroke, and death; most commonly associated with injuries above T6 • Neurogenic shock: an abnormal vasomotor response secondary to disruption of sympathetic impulses • Respiratory failure • Effects of immobility (e.g., constipation, pulmonary infections, urinary infections, thrombus, impaired skin integrity, contractures) • Changes in bowel and bladder function • Sexual dysfunction • Chronic pain • Death Normal HCO3 levels NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 17 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Spinal Cord Injury Sickle Cell Anemia Myocardial Infarction  high blood pressure damages two organs beta cells Liver failure spinal cord injury heart and kidneys NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 18 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+  -Tends to be more sudden and severe -Causes: renal disease, adrenal gland tumors, certain congenital heart defects, certain medications, and illegal NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 21 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ hemostasis asthma bleeding seizure signs  •Second most common blood cancer • Cancer of the leukocytes • Leukemia cells abnormally proliferate, crowding normal blood cells Pneumonia Leukemia NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 22 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Thalassemia hypoatremia  •Increased volume in the cranial cavity • Causes: traumatic brain injury, tumor, hydrocephalus, cerebral edema, and hemorrhage coronary artery disease (CAD) Tuberculosis Secondary Infection Leukemia Manifestations and Treatment Increased Intracranial Pressure NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 23 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+  Thalassemia major is the most severe form of beta thalassemia. It develops when beta globin genes are missing. The symptoms of thalassemia major generally appear before a child's second birthday. The severe anemia related to this condition can be life-threatening. Polycythemia Manifestations and Treatment Hemophilia A Thalassemia major Sickle Cell Anemia  Left ventricle cannot maintain adequate cardiac output. Cardiogenic shock NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 26 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ increased afterload. • Vasoconstriction decreases renal blood flow, leading to inappropriate activation of the renin-angiotensin- aldosterone system. • Hypertension can be classified into systolic or diastolic based on which measure is elevated. seizure signs Hypertension Emphysema Tuberculosis TB  strokes caused by blockage in a NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 27 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ blood vessel in the brain Ischemic damage is permanent cystic fibrosis Ischemic strokes unstable angina Thrombocytopenia  •Staging -Stage I: The lymphoma cells are in one lymph node group or one part of a tissue or an organ. -Stage II: The lymphoma cells are in at least two lymph node groups on the same side of the diaphragm, or the lymphoma cells are in one part of a tissue or an organ and the lymph nodes near that organ. NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 28 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ -Stage III: The lymphoma cells are in lymph nodes above and below the diaphragm. Lymphoma cells may be NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 31 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Hodgkin's lymphoma  •Manifestations: dyspnea, labored and shallow respirations, rales, productive cough with frothy sputum, hypoxia, cyanosis, fever, hypotension, tachycardia, restlessness, confusion, lethargy, and anxiety • Treatment: endotracheal intubation with mechanical ventilator, oxygen therapy, corticosteroids, antibiotics (if bacterial infections are present), and emboli precautions Alzheimer's Disease Manifestations and Treatment Cystic Fibrosis Manifestations and Treatment Emphysema Manifestations and Treatment Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Manifestations and NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 32 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Treatment NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 33 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+  inflammation of the meninges menigitis Balance pnemonia Alkalosis  damage to the brain caused by a different disorder injury responding to something else multiple sclerosis NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 36 of NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ CT scan  Primary Infection -When bacillus first enters the body. -Macrophages engulf the microbe, causing a local inflammatory response. -Some bacilli travel to the lymph nodes, activating the type IV hypersensitivity reaction. -Granuloma and tubercle forms. -Caseous necrosis and Ghon complexes develops. -Bacilli can remain dormant for years. -Usually asymptomatic. NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 37 of NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Will test positive now. Tuberculosis Primary Infection Tuberculosis Secondary Infection Traumatic Brain Injury Complications Traumatic Brain Injury Diagnosis and Treatment  •Caused by a reaction to substances at work. • Symptoms develop over time, worsening with each exposure and improving when away from work. NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 38 of NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ stress incontinence Chronic myeloid leukemia Occupational asthma cerebral palsy  •Debilitating chronic disorders characterized by irreversible, progressive tissue degeneration and airway obstruction. • Severe hypoxia and hypercapnia can lead to respiratory failure. • Oxygen begins to drive breathing. Can NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 41 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ • Characterized by remissions and exacerbations. • Exacerbations may last for days to months. • Fever, hot baths, sun exposure, and stress can trigger or worsen these episodes. May progress without remissions. • Fatigue • Loss of balance • Muscle spasms • Paresthesia or abnormal sensation in any area • Problems moving arms or legs • Weakness in one or more arms or legs • Unsteady gait • Lack of coordination • Tremor in one or more arms or legs • Constipation and stool leakage • Urinary frequency, urgency, hesitancy, or incontinence NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 42 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ • Vision issues (e.g., diplopia and vision loss) • Decreased attention span, poor judgment, and memory loss • Difficulty reasoning and solving problems • Dizziness • Hearing loss • Sexual dysfunction • Slurre d speech Dysphag ia Alzheimer's Disease Manifestations and Treatment Multiple Sclerosis Manifestations NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 43 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ coronary artery disease (CAD) Cystic Fibrosis Manifestations and Treatment  -Heterozygous. NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 46 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Distributive shock  make insulin - take glucose into cells beta cells Encephilitis Leukopenia emphysema lecture  •Manifestations NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 47 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ -Typically appear around 4 months of age -Sickle cell crisis • Painful episodes that can last for hours to days NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 48 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ • Pain caused by tissue ischemia and necrosis • Triggered by dehydration, stress, high altitudes, and fever • Manifestations include abdominal pain, bone pain, dyspnea, delayed growth and development, fatigue, fever, jaundice, pallor, tachycardia, skin ulcers, angina, excessive thirst, frequent urination, priapism, and vision impairment • Treatment -No cure, palliative -Stem cell research showing promise -Medications (e.g., Hydrea [hydroxyurea]) -Avoid sickling triggers -Other strategies: oxygen therapy, hydration, pain management, infection control, vaccinations, blood transfusions, bone marrow transplants, genetic counseling NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 51 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+  •Decreased blood volume or circulatory stagnation resulting in inadequate tissue and organ perfusion Hypovolemia asthma NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 52 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Extrinsic asthma Shock  Makes protein Acidosis hemostasis Ribosomes Alkalosis NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 53 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+  -Develops more than 48 hours after a hospital admission Stabilize the patient Nosocomial pneumonia NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 56 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ sickle cell crisis Acute myeloid leukemia Coronary Artery Disease Increased Intracranial Pressure  chest pain that persists shoulder pain jaw pain pain in left arm myocardial infarction symptoms NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 57 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Community-acquired pneumonia cardiac output NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 58 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Potassium and Magnesium 71. 22-26 If high - alkalosis If low - acidosis Anaphylactic shock cardiac output Normal HCO3 levels NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 61 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Cortisol 75. •Causes: infectious agents, injurious agents or events, and pulmonary secretion stasis • Viral NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 62 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ -Usually mild -Can lead to secondary bacterial pneumonia • Bacterial -More common than viral -Most often Streptococcus pneumoniae Aspiration pneumonia pnemonia Pneumonia Polycythemia NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 63 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 76. Excessive allergic reaction primary brain injury Normal HCO3 levels Cardiogenic shock Anaphylactic shock 77. •Complications: myocardial infarction, heart failure, dysrhythmias, and sudden death • Manifestations: angina, indigestion-like sensation, nausea, vomiting, clammy extremities, diaphoresis, and fatigue NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 66 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ pituitary gland anemia symptoms hemorrhagic stroke cardiac output 80. •Inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree or large bronchi • Causes: viruses, bacterial, irritant inhalation, and allergic reactions • Treatment: antipyretics, analgesics, antihistamines, decongestants, cough suppressants, bronchodilators, increasing fluid NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 67 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ intake, avoiding smoke, and humidifying air Chronic Bronchitis Manifestations and Treatment Cystic Fibrosis contact dermatitis Acute Bronchitis 81.-Occurs in the areas between the alveoli -Routinely caused by viruses or by uncommon bacteria intercranial pressure NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 68 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Interstitial pneumonia or atypical Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) Glands that regulate calcium 82. demyelination - destruction to the myelin sheath disruptions in nerve impulse conduction multiple sclerosis Ischemic strokes Cardiogenic shock NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 71 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Leukopenia Emphysema Extrinsic asthma Pneumothorax 85. -Causes: impaired gag reflex, improper lower esophageal sphincter closure, inappropriate gastric tube placement Nosocomial pneumonia Occupational asthma NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 72 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ acute coronary syndrome Aspiration pneumonia 86. system wide infection severe inflammation due to a pathogen menigitis SIADH Sepsis NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 73 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ Osteoporosis 87.atherosclerotic plaque builds up and damages the endothelium of the coronary arteries Secondary hypertension NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 76 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ CT scan 90. •Narrowing of the peripheral vessels • Causes: atherosclerosis, thrombus, inflammation, and vasospasms • Thromboangiitis obliterans: an inflammatory condition of the arteries • Raynaud's disease: vasospasms of arteries, usually in the hands, because of sympathetic stimulation -Raynaud's phenomenon: associated with an autoimmune condition • Manifestations: pain, intermittent claudication, numbness, burning, nonhealing wounds, skin color changes, hair loss, and impotency • Treatment: reducing contributing factors, angioplasty, bypass procedures, laser procedures, atherectomy, antiplatelet agents, NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 77 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ anticoagulants, thrombolytics, and lipid-lowering agents Parkinson's disease Myocardial Infarction Peripheral Vascular Disease secondary brain injury NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 78 of 52 NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+ 91.A genetic disorder that is present at birth and affects both the respiratory and digestive systems. excessive amounts of mucus in lungs Ischemic strokes cystic fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis Manifestations and Treatment Chronic myeloid leukemia 92. •Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord, usually resulting from an infection. • Causes: virus (e.g., coxsackievirus, echovirus, poliovirus, adenovirus, herpes virus, cytomegalovirus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, West Nile NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final EXAM (184Q& As) Rasmussen University Winter LATEST UPDATE 2022/2023 GRADEA+