NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 /217Q& As NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology, Exams of Nursing

Download NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 /217Q& As NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss What is gastritis? - correct answers Inflammation of the stomach lining. The lining will be red and inflamed and irritated What are the causes of gastritis? - correct answers Ingestion of irritating substances such a alcohol, aspirin, NSAIDS, viruses and bacteria What is GERD? - correct answers the back flow of gastric contents into the esophagus through the lower esophageal sphincter. The inflammation occurs from the reflex of highly acidic stomach acid that comes up. What are the causes of GERD? - correct answers Any condition or agent that alters closure of the lower esophageal sphincter or increases in abdominal pressure, fatty food, caffeine, large amounts of alcohol, smoking, pregnancy and anatomical features like hiatal hernia What are complications of GERD? - correct answers Barrett's esophagus where columnar tissue replaces normal squamous tissue in the distal esophagus that carries a high risk for cancer. Progression can lead to ulcers and scarring. Esophageal strictures, pulmonary symptoms such as cough, asthma and laryngitis from reflux in breathing passages. What are the signs and symptoms of peptic ulcer disease? - correct answers epigastric burning pain that is usually relieved by food or antacids (gastric ulcers present on empty stomach but can be after food, duodenal ulcers present 2-3 hours after food and is relieved by food). Can also be life threatening as GI bleeding can occur without warning and cause a drop in H/H and dark tarry stools and hematemesis. NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss What is the role of H.pylori in peptic ulcer disease? - correct answers promotes both gastric and duodenal ulcer formation and thrives in acidic areas. It slows down ulcer healing and can reoccur frequently, and taking it away can help ulcers heal. What is pseudomembranous colitis?(C.diff) - correct answers acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine. The intestinal lining cannot absorb well. What is the cause of pseudomembranous colitis? - correct answers clostridium difficile, exposure to long term antibiotics that off set the e.coli and c.diff balance in intestine What are the manifestations of pseudomembranous colitis? - correct answers foul smelling/bloody stool, abdominal pain, fever, leukocytosis, sepsis, colonic perforation. How do we treat pseudomembranous colitis? - correct answers stop current antibiotics, treat ischemia and contributing conditions, give oral antibiotics like metronidazole or vancomycin, fecal transplant or colectomy if severe How do we prevent the spread of pseudomembranous colitis? - correct answers wearing appropriate PPE and washing hands with soap and water only NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss Explain supersaturation phase - correct answers bile is saturated with cholesterol, causing precipitation of cholesterol Explain nucleation phase - correct answers the bile crystals begin to stick together and become larger stones Explain hypo motility phase - correct answers the bile is stasis allowing the stones to grow more What are some of the risk factors for gallstones? - correct answers prolonged fasting, rapid weight loss, pregnancy, estrogen, obesity What are the signs and symptoms of pancreatitis? - correct answers steady and dull pain in the center or LUQ of abdomen, severe tenderness on palpation that radiates to the back, nausea and vomiting, abdominal distention with hypoactive bowel sounds, low grade fevers What are the causes of pancreatitis? - correct answers alcoholism is most causes, biliary tract disease where the enzymes attack the pancreas, hypertriglyceridemia What are the three function of the kidneys - correct answers excretion, elimination, regulation NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss Explain what excretion is? - correct answers removal of organic waste products from body fluids Explain what elimination is? - correct answers discharge of the waste products from the body Explain what regulation is? - correct answers regulating blood volume, ion concentration, blood pH and nutrients What are signs and symptoms indicating one may have a renal disorder? - correct answers pain in the back flank area that is felt at the CVA angle on percussion, tenderness, abnormal urinalysis findings What types of things are abnormal regarding urinalysis? - correct answers dark, strong smelling urine, bacteria in the urine, cloudy urine, ketones or glucose or proteins in the urine, blood in the urine (except during menses) What is polycystic kidney disease? - correct answers an inherited condition of the kidney resulting in one having fluid filled cysts on one or both kidneys. if left untreated renal failure with need for dialysis or kidney transplant occurring What causes polycystic kidney disease? - correct answers it is inherited genetically What are the types of polycystic kidney disease? - correct answers autosomal recessive and dominant NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss What is a nephron(s)? - correct answers they are in the kidney and helps to filter blood and remove waste products How many nephrons do the kidneys have? - correct answers 1-2 million What is hematuria? - correct answers blood found in the urine not due to menstruation What is proteinuria? - correct answers protein found in the urine What does it mean when one has ketones in their urine? - correct answers they have type 1 diabetes What is nephrolithiasis? - correct answers kidney stones that obstruct the ureters and kidneys that cause lots of pained urinary stasis What is another term for kidney stones? - correct answers renal calculi What are kidney stones made up of? - correct answers calcium deposits and uric acid What is pyelonephritis? - correct answers infected and inflamed kidneys NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss Bowman's capsule that impedes glomerular filtration. Prolonged injury can lead to intrinsic injury and irreversible damage What are the 3 stages of AKI presentation? - correct answers prodromal, oliguric, postoliguric Explain what happens during prodromal presentation of AKI - correct answers normal or declining urine output, The BUN and creatinine levels rise, showing there is a problem. Duration of this phase depends on cause of injury, amount of toxin, duration of hypotension Explain what happens during oliguric presentation of AKI - correct answers lasts up to 8 weeks with usual urine output being 50ml-400 mls, when normal output is 30 ml per hour. Characterized by oliguria, lower GFR, and hypovolemia. S/S of fluid excess, hyperkalemia, uremic syndrome. Dialysis may be needed. Explain what happens during postoliguric presentation of AKI - correct answers Urine volume increases, leaving patient at risk for dehydration and electrolyte imbalances they are ridding themselves of too much fluids. Higher GFR, and can last 1 week-1 year. Full recovery when BUN and creatinine levels are normal, but renal insufficiency may occur. (early recovery of the condition, but not all recover) What happens if AKI does not resolve? - correct answers chronic kidney disease What are the causes of chronic kidney disease? - correct answers outcome of progressive and irrevocable loss of the nephrons, associated with hypertension, NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss diabetes, recurrent pyelonephritis, glomerulonephritis, polycystic kidney disease, history, toxins, age. Leading from AKI What are the complications one may have from chronic kidney disease? - correct answers cardiovascular disease, hypertension, uremic syndrome, metabolic acidosis, electrolyte imbalance, malnutrition, anemia, pain, depression Explain the the complication of hypertension/cardiovascular disease from CKD - correct answers causes excess fluid in the blood, increase of plaque in the vessels, hypervolemia, the heart must work harder Explain the the complication of uremic syndrome from CKD - correct answers metabolic waste can't leave, it can precipitate on the skin as frost Explain the the complication of metabolic acidosis from CKD - correct answers there is retention of acidic wastes that can cause hyperkalemia and arrhythmias Explain the the complication of electrolyte imbalances from CKD - correct answers there will be more potassium, phosphorus and magnesium retained Explain the the complication of bone and mineral disorders from CKD - correct answers elevated phosphorus and PTH causes altered bone or mineral metabolism as the kidneys cannot reabsorb calcium Explain the the complication of malnutrition from CKD - correct answers decreased food intake, depression, dietary limitations with what they can eat NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss Explain the the complication of anemia from CKD - correct answers lack of erythropoietin that the kidney produces to make new RBC's. Uremia shortens RBC lifespan Explain the the complication of pain from CKD - correct answers : from disease, treatment, comorbidities Explain the the complication of depression from CKD - correct answers from the disease, disruption of social interactions and relationships due to long hours and days at dialysis What happens when CKD is not treated? - correct answers end stage renal disease What are some of the types of urinary incontinence? - correct answers urge, stress, overflow, reflex Explain what urge incontinence is - correct answers the sudden need to void with an involuntary leakage of urine. sometimes this occurs at night. overactive bladder What is nocturia? - correct answers frequent urination at night NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss What are the manifestations of BPH? - correct answers urinary retention, obstruction to flow of urine, decreased urine stream, hesitancy, difficulty initiating stream, interruption of stream, infection caused by retention What is hydrocele? - correct answers fluid collection surrounding the testicle or spermatic cord Why does hydrocele occur? - correct answers develops secondarily to scrotal injury, radiation therapy, infection of the epididymis, or testicular neoplasms, swollen scrotum What is testicular torsion? - correct answers the twisting of the spermatic cord due to trauma, there will be a compromised vascular supply and ischemia if not treated, lots of pain. Is Testicular Torsion an emergency? - correct answers yes it is due to a compromised vascular supply and ischemia and necrosis that could occur if not treated. What is endometriosis? - correct answers the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterus on other organs. What does endometriosis cause? - correct answers bleeding, pain,dysmenorrhea or painful periods, pain in lower abdomen, vagina, posterior pelvis, and back, pain with intercourse, pain with defecation, excessive menstrual bleeding NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss When does endometriosis present itself in relation to menstruation? - correct answers It will start 5 to 7 days before a cycle and lasts 2-3 days after What is uterine prolapse? - correct answers occurs when the uterus sinks into the vagina from pelvic structures relaxing. It will protrude What signs and symptoms will the client have with uterine prolapse? - correct answers vaginal discomfort, discomfort walking and sitting, difficulty urinating due to excess pressure on the bladder, bleeding and ulceration of the cervix from friction What are the complications of having a uterine prolapse? - correct answers the uterus becoming dried out and not sterile, prone to infection Should the RN attempt to place back a prolapsed uterus into the client? - correct answers No, it is out of scope of practice. must call the provider about it What is pelvic inflammatory disease? - correct answers occurs from bacteria that enter through the vagina up into the cervix What are things pelvic inflammatory disease can cause? - correct answers abdominal tenderness, pelvic pain, cervical/adnexa pain or tenderness on palpation, fever, high wbc count, purulent, white vaginal discharge Which organism causes pelvic inflammatory disease? - correct answers Neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss Which organism causes cervical cancer? - correct answers human papillomavirus or HPV Which organism causes UTI (cystitis)? - correct answers E.coli Which organism causes herpes? - correct answers herpes simplex virus Which organism causes syphillis? - correct answers Treponema pallidum What are the stages of syphillis? - correct answers incubation, primary, secondary, latent, late Explain incubation stage of syphillis - correct answers occurs for 10 to 90 days after first infected. No symptoms are noted Explain primary stage of syphillis - correct answers a painless, single chancre ulcer is formed at the port of entry, usually on the genitals. May resolve in 3-6 weeks Explain secondary stage of syphillis - correct answers a person will have a head to toe rash accompanied by hepatitis, meningitis and nephritis, fevers, malaise, sore throat, headache, and lymphadenopathy. Bacteria spreads NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss When does gigantism occur in the life span? - correct answers childhood, before growth plates at ends of bones fuse When does acromegaly occur during the life span - correct answers adulthood, after fuseing of growth plates What is the problem with the hormone involved in diabetes insipidus? - correct answers Too little ADH, causes the body to not retain enough water What is the pathophysiology behind diabetes insipidus? - correct answers Results in the kidneys being unable to retain water in the body and a lot of urine output that is dilute. Extreme thirst. Lack of water leads to dehydration. Can be caused by trauma to the head What are signs and symptoms of diabetes insidious? - correct answers dizziness, disorientation, nausea, tachycardia, headaches, low blood pressure, hypovolemia, high electrolytes in the blood- sodium. High risk for hypovolemic shock, increased urine output, high electrolytes What is the problem with the hormone involved in SIADH? - correct answers too much ADH. cause body to retain too much water What is the pathophysiology behind SIADH? - correct answers Causes the body to retain too much water. Causes hypotonic hydration. There is low urine output, high osmolarity, electrolytes are at a lower concentration. Results in edema, weight gain, and hyponatremia due to excess water retention. NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss What are the signs and symptoms of SIADH? - correct answers cerebral edema due to low sodium, seizures, confusion, coma, death, swollen cells, low urine output, low electrolytes, edema What is ADH? - correct answers antidiuretic hormone What is ADH purpose in the body? - correct answers it helps the body keep water balance, and for more fluid retention. Prevents the body from being dehydrated, regulates thirst, and causes water to be reabsorbed What is the electrolyte most affected by ADH - correct answers Sodium- inversely affected (low ADH=high Na, high ADH=low Na) What is hypothyroidism caused by? - correct answers cells attacking the thyroid gland or surgical removal of tissues, iodine deficiency. Leads to a lack of T3/T4 and too much of TSH.The TSH recognizes the lack of the T3/T4 so more is pushed into it yet the thyroid cannot produce it. Causes goiters Lab results in one that has hypothyroidism - correct answers high TSH, low T3/T4 What are the clinical manifestations for hypothyroidism? - correct answers low metabolism, weakness, lethargy, cold intolerance, low appetite, bradycardia, weight gain, dry skin, constipation, depression, difficulty concentrating, menstrual problems NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss What is hyperthyroidism caused by? - correct answers overstimulation of the thyroid gland and autoimmune conditions like graves disease. The autoantibodies bind and stimulate TSH receptors Lab results in one that has hyperthyroidism - correct answers High T3/T4 levels and low TSH What are the clinical manifestations for hyperthyroidism? - correct answers exophthalmos or eye budging, lid lag, vision changes, light sensitivity, high metabolism, rapid weight loss, insomnia, restlessness, cannot concentrate, tremors and irritability, palpitations, heat intolerance, diaphoresis, diarrhea, amenorrhea What is the purpose of parathyroid hormone PTH? - correct answers increases the calcium levels in the blood to be released from bone reservoirs by activating osteoclasts. It also increases calcium absorption in the intestines and excretion in urine Which electrolyte is most affected by PTH disorders - correct answers calcium What is Cushings disease caused by? - correct answers caused by excessive glucocorticoids from either a pituitary tumor or tumor or adrenal cortex or secondary to prescribed glucocorticoids What happens to corticosteroid levels during Cushings disease? - correct answers Will increase NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss Explain polyuria - correct answers increased urination When does Type 1 diabetes present? - correct answers childhood and adolescence When does Type 2 diabetes present? - correct answers adulthood What is diabetic ketoacidosis? - correct answers occurs when a type 1 diabetes has a very high sugar and insulin deficiency that leads to breakdown of fat for energy instead of glucose What happens during diabetic ketoacidosis? - correct answers The metabolism of fat leads to free fatty acids in the blood that are transformed into ketones, leading to ketoacidosis and the body's pH dropping under 7.35. excessive ketones place the body in metabolic acidosis and in a hyperkalemic state induced by the acidosis. What are the signs and symptoms of DKA? - correct answers deep and fast kussmal respirations (to compensate to bring more co2 and acid out of the body) , acetone fruity breath, confusion, lethargy, polydipsia, polyphagia, and polyuria, dehydration, nausea and blurred vision, ketones in the urine What do clients need who have DKA? - correct answers These clients will often need insulin and electrolyte replacements in order to get the high sugar and high electrolytes and fluids replenished and replaced NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss Why does DKA occur? - correct answers The diabetes is not diagnosed with diabetes and has not taken their insulin, or the type 1 diabetic becomes sick and does not take their insulin due to not eating or drinking, when they need to be. What is the role of calcitonin? - correct answers lowers calcium levels in the blood and increases bone formation and inhibits bone breakdown. Where is calcitonin secreted from? - correct answers thyroid What is nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome? - correct answers severe hyperglycemia in type 2 diabetics that is usually untreated, without ketones What is significant about the nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome - correct answers there are no ketones found in urine, type 2 diabetics affected What are clinical manifestations of chronic hyperglycemia? - correct answers hypertension, cardio vascular disease from damage to the blood vessels from excessive sugar, retinopathy or blindness from excessive sugar, neuropathy, nephropathy What types of disorders are Ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease? - correct answers inflammatory bowel disorders NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss What is diverticulosis? - correct answers the out pocketing of the walls of the bowel, making it so that fecal material can become trapped in the intestine What is diverticulitis? - correct answers inflammation of the diverticulitis due to retained fecal material What changes are associated with esophageal cancer? - correct answers GERD associated, Barretts esophagus due to the tissue changes in the esophagus from the regurgitation of acids What disorder is based from overuse of broad spectrum antibiotics? - correct answers pseudomembranous colitis What is intussusception? - correct answers telescoping of the bowel into each other What type of blockages does intussusception lead to? - correct answers mechanical obstructions What is a classic symptom of a glomerularnephorpathy? - correct answers proteinuria; when protein spills into the urine What things will diabetics possibly have in their urine? - correct answers ketones and glucose NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss Which hormone put calcium back in the bones - correct answers Calcitonin What type of bowel obstruction is based on movement of the intestine, medication, diet or anesthesia given - correct answers functional- how it functions to move things through What lowers blood glucose level by putting glucose into cells - correct answers insulin What increases sugars from the pancreas - correct answers glucagon What is the name of the infection given to newborns who have blindness at birth from chlamydia - correct answers Ophthalmia Neonatorum How is syphillis transported in the body? - correct answers through the vascular system and blood stream What is rebound tenderness? - correct answers occurs when there is pressure taken off the abdomen. indicative of appendicitis When do gastric ulcers form? - correct answers right after eating When do duodenal ulcers form? - correct answers 2-3 hours after eating NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 2 NUR 2063 / NUR2063: Essentials of Pathophysiology Exam 2 (Latest 2024 / 2025) RATED A+ Rasmuss Why might someone have confusion or dementia when they have liver disease? - correct answers they have high ammonia levels in their blood which can affect the brain and neurological pathways What does someone loose in their cellular fluids that causes ascites in one with liver disease - correct answers albumin; it will cause hypo albumin from the condition since there is more fluid accumulation outside of the cells that leads into the peritoneum, causing the problem