Neurology Study Notes: Neurological Conditions Characteristics, Causes, Effects, Exams of Nursing

Download Neurology Study Notes: Neurological Conditions Characteristics, Causes, Effects and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NURS 283 Patho Test Final Exam Questions And Answers Chapter 4 Pain 1. The impulses related to acute pain are usually transmitted by: a. nociceptors. b. myelinated A delta fibers. c. unmyelinated C fibers. d. any sensory fiber with a low pain threshold. ANS: B REF: 55 2. In which structure do pain impulses ascend the spinal cord? a. Reticular formation b. Corticospinal tract c. Spinothalamic tract d. Relevant dermatome ANS: C REF: 55 3. According to the gatecontrol theory, passage of pain impulses may be naturally blocked: a. at the synapse by entry of other sensory impulses. b. by the stress response. c. by administration of morphine directly into the spinal cord. d. by referring the pain to other parts of the body. ANS: A REF: 55 4. What is the term used to describe the degree of pain that is endured before an individual takes action? a. Pain threshold b. Referred pain c. Phantom pain d. Pain tolerance ANS: D REF: 55 5. What is the definition of endorphins? a. Neurotransmitters at the nociceptors b. Transmitters for sensory impulses b. A perception of increased generalized pain and discomfort c. Fatigue and lower pain tolerance d. Severe but short term ANS: D REF: 55-57 11.What is the role of nociceptors? They are: a. pain receptors that are stimulated by thermal, chemical, or physical means. b. spinal nerves that conduct impulses from specific areas of the skin. c. responsible for the state of arousal with pain. d. useful in localizing pain to a specific area of the body. ANS: A REF: 54 12.Intractable pain is best defined as: a. pain that is perceived as occurring in an amputated limb. b. severe pain that cannot be controlled by medication. c. pain perceived as coming from a source other than the actual source. d. pain coming from a specific dermatome. ANS: B REF: 62 13.Which of the following statements is TRUE? a. The brain is more aware of pain impulses when the reticular activating system is depressed. b. Acute pain does not cause a reflex response at the spinal cord synapses. c. Young infants typically respond to pain with tachycardia and increased blood pressure. d. Chronic pain is easier to tolerate without negative effects. ANS: C REF: 57 14.Ibuprofen is classified as an NSAID and is particularly useful in treating: a. severe pain. b. pain caused by inflammation. c. intracranial pain. d. pain in young infants. ANS: B REF: 61 15.Which of the following analgesics acts to reduce pain at the peripheral site? a. Acetaminophen b. Morphine c. Codeine d. Intravenous general anesthesia ANS: A REF: 61 16.Cancer-related pain has been broken down into three basic categories: pain caused by the advance of the disease and resultant damage to the body, pain that is the result of a coexisting disease unrelated to the cancer, and: a. phantom pain as a result of amputation. b. pain associated with the treatment of the disease. c. pain caused by emotional stress and metabolic changes. d. pain associated with damage to the peripheral nerves. ANS: B REF: 61 17.Pain that is caused by trauma or disease involving the peripheral nerves is referred to as: a. neuropathic pain. b. central pain. a. Between the double layers of the dura mater b. In the subdural space c. In the subarachnoid space d. Through the arachnoid villi ANS: C REF: 327 2. Which of the following is the usual location of language centers? a. Left hemisphere b. Right hemisphere c. Brainstem d. Hypothalamus ANS: A REF: 329 3. What would be the effect of damage to the auditory association area in the left hemisphere? a. Loss of hearing in both ears b. Inability to understand what is heard c. Loss of hearing in the left ear d. Inability to determine the source of the sound ANS: B REF: 329 4. Which of the following applies to the corticospinal tract? a. It is an ascending tract. b. The nerve fibers conduct sensory impulses. c. It is an extrapyramidal tract. d. It is a pyramidal tract for efferent impulses. ANS: D REF REF: 332 5. What is a major function of the limbic system? a. Overall control of fluid balance b. Required for logical thinking, reason, and decision making c. Determines emotional responses d . Responsible for artistic and musical talents ANS: C REF: 330 6. Where are β1-adrenergic receptors located? a. Bronchiolar walls b. Arteriolar walls c. Cardiac muscle d. Glands of the intestinal tract ANS: C REF: 337 7. What does a vegetative state refer to? a. Depression of the reticular activating system (RAS) and inability to initiate action b. Loss of awareness and intellectual function but continued brainstem function c. Continuing intellectual function but inability to communicate or move d. Disorientation and confusion with decreased responsiveness ANS: B REF: 338-339 8. Which of the following conditions is NOT part of the criteria for a declaration of “brain death”? ANS: D REF: 342 13.The largest category of primary malignant brain tumors that arise from cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are called: a. gliomas. b. sarcomas. c. lymphomas. d. myelomas. ANS: A REF: 345 14.Which of the following causes papilledema? a. Increased pressure of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) at the optic disc b. Increased intraocular pressure c. Pressure on the oculomotor nerve d. Pressure on the optic chiasm ANS: A REF: 342 15.What is the effect of an enlarging brain abscess on cardiovascular activity? a. Increased heart rate and systemic vasodilation b. Low blood pressure and irregular heart and respiratory rates c. Systemic vasoconstriction and slower heart rate d. Immediate depression of the cardiac control centers ANS: C REF: 342 16.As intracranial pressure rises, the pupil of the eye, ipsilateral to the lesion, becomes dilated and unresponsive to light because of pressure on the: a. optic nerve. b. peripheral nervous system (PNS) fibers in cranial nerve III. c. sympathetic nervous system (SNS) nerve to the eye. d. occipital lobe. ANS: B REF: 342 17.Which of the following characteristics indicates that the CSF is normal? a. Cloudy and pale yellow color b. Presence of erythrocytes c. Presence of numerous leukocytes d. Clear and colorless fluid ANS: D REF: 327 18.Which of the following statements is TRUE about malignant brain tumors? a. Most brain tumors arise from malignant neurons. b. Primary brain tumors rarely metastasize outside the CNS. c. The blood-brain barrier prevents secondary brain tumors. d. Brainstem tumors do not manifest signs until they are quite large. ANS: B REF: 345 19.Secondary brain tumors usually arise from: a. severe head trauma. b. metastasized breast or lung tumors. c. exposure to carcinogenic agents. d. exposure to radiation. ANS: B REF: 345 20.Why are focal or generalized seizures sometimes an early indication of a brain tumor? ANS: B REF: 346-347 25.Signs and symptoms of a stroke depend upon: a. location of obstruction, size of artery, and area affected. b. duration of the blockage, distance from the heart, and type of obstruction. c. health of the victim, area affected, and collateral circulation. d. size of the obstruction, condition of the heart, and duration of blockage. ANS: A REF: 348 26.In the weeks following CVA, why might some neurological function return? 1. Presence of collateral circulation 2. Immediate therapy to dissolve thrombi and maintain perfusion 3. Reduced inflammation in the area 4. Development of alternative neuronal pathways a. 1 only b. 2 only c. 1, 3 d. 2, 3, 4 e. 1, 2, 3, 4 ANS: E REF: 347 27.Which of the following statements about berry aneurysms in the brain is NOT true? a. They usually develop at points of bifurcation in the circle of Willis. b. They are usually asymptomatic for many years. c. CSF remains free of blood. d. Following rupture, blood appears in the subarachnoid space. ANS: C REF: 349-350 28.In a case of bacterial meningitis, where does swelling and purulent exudate form? a. In the pia mater, arachnoid, and surface of the entire brain b. In the dura mater and epidural space c. At the site of the injury or entry point of the microbes d. Primarily around the spinal cord ANS: A REF: 350 29.What are significant signs of acute bacterial meningitis? a. Severe headache, nuchal rigidity, and photophobia b. Fatigue and lethargy, fever, and anorexia c. Focal signs, such as progressive paralysis in a limb d. Ascending paralysis beginning in the legs ANS: A REF: 351 30.In many types of encephalitis, such as St. Louis encephalitis, how are the viruses transmitted? a. Carriers b. Mosquito and tick bites c. Respiratory droplet d. Septic emboli in the circulation ANS: B REF: 352 31.All of the following apply to tetanus infection EXCEPT: a. it is caused by an anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus. b. the exotoxin causes strong skeletal muscle spasms. a. Bleeding from the nose. b. CSF leaking from the ear. c. Torn meninges but no skull fracture. d. Hemorrhage from the ear. ANS: B REF: 358 37.Vertebral fractures are classified as: a. simple, compression, wedge, dislocation. b. compound, open, closed, shattered. c. complex, torsion, open, multiple. d. pressure, complex, simple, variable. ANS: A REF: 359 38.Following a spinal injury at C5, what is the expected effect during the period of spinal shock? a. Spastic paralysis below the level of the injury b. Urinary incontinence c. Possible periods of apnea d. Normal blood pressure ANS: C REF: 360 39.Following an injury at L2 to L3, what would indicate recovery from spinal shock? a. Spastic paraplegia b. Urinary retention c. Labile body temperature d. Increased sensation in the legs ANS: A REF: 361 40.What are the signs of autonomic dysreflexia in a person with cervical spinal injury? a. Unexpected drop in blood pressure and apnea b. Sudden marked increase in blood pressure with bradycardia c. Hyperreflexia in the arms and legs d. Urinary and bowel incontinence ANS: B REF: 362 41.Expressive aphasia is most likely to result from damage to: a. the left frontal lobe. b. the left temporal lobe. c. the right motor cortex. d. Wernicke’s area. ANS: A REF: 340 42.What is the usual result of damage to the right occipital lobe? a. Left eye is blind b. Loss of left visual field c. Right eye is blind d. Visual loss in the medial half of each eye ANS: B REF: 341 43.How does the heart rate change as intracranial pressure increases? a. Rate decreases d. Vomiting and visual abnormalities ANS: B REF: 350 48.The stroke scale used to rapidly diagnose a stroke includes: a. capacity for speech, level of consciousness, motor skills, eye movements. b. motor skills, spatial awareness, time awareness, facial recognition. c. short-term memory, cognitive skills, speech, name recognition. d. hand-eye coordination, problem solving, ability to stand or walk, consciousness. ANS: A REF: 348 49.With regard to meningitis, choose the correct combination of microbe and the age group commonly affected. a. E. coli: elderly b. H. influenzae: neonate c. N. meningitides: children and youth d. S. pneumoniae: young children ANS: C REF: 350 50.Which of the following statements applies to a lumbar puncture? a. It is usually performed at L3-L4. b. Fluid is withdrawn from the epidural space. c. It can be used to confirm any diagnosis. d. The tissue seals up immediately after puncture. ANS: A REF: 344 51.Which signs are indicative of post-polio syndrome? a. Progressive spastic paralysis b. Ascending flaccid paralysis c. Progressive fatigue and weakness d. Increasing numbness and paresthesias ANS: C REF: 354 52.Which of the following does NOT apply to Reye’s syndrome? a. There is no permanent damage in the body. b. It is precipitated by a combination of viral infection and administration of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). c. Cerebral edema develops. d. Liver damage is common. ANS: A REF: 354 53.Which type of fracture typically occurs at the base of the skull? a. Depressed b. Contrecoup c. Comminuted d. Basilar ANS: D REF: 355 54.The primary reason for seizures frequently occurring with head injuries is: a. presence of blood irritates the neurons. b. otorrhea or rhinorrhea changes intracranial pressure. c. inflammatory response causes general hypoxia. d. CNS is depressed. d. Loss of function of motor neurons of the spinal cord and medulla ANS: D REF: 353 60.Herpes zoster can be identified by a typical: a. unilateral rash and pain along a cranial nerve or dermatome. b. weakness and muscle atrophy in the legs. c. ascending paralysis commencing in the legs. d. skeletal muscle spasms in the face and neck. ANS: A REF: 353 61.Which of the following conditions is marked by focal signs? a. Meningitis b. Brain abscess c. Encephalitis d. Intracerebral hemorrhage ANS: B REF: 351 62.Typical signs of a TIA include: a. rapidly increasing intracranial pressure. b. loss of consciousness. c. transient muscle weakness in a hand or leg. d. headache, photophobia, and nuchal rigidity. ANS: C REF: 346 63.In cases of noncommunicating hydrocephalus, why does excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) accumulate? a. Absorption of CSF through the arachnoid villi is impaired. b. Excessive amounts of CSF are produced in the ventricles. c. An obstruction is present in the aqueduct of Sylvius or other channel. d. Flow around the spinal cord is blocked. ANS: C REF: 364 64.All of the following are typical signs of hydrocephalus in the neonate EXCEPT: a. enlarged head with bulging fontanels. b. vomiting, headache, and paralysis. c. irritability and feeding difficulties. d. eyes turned downward with sclerae showing above the pupils. ANS: B REF: 365 65.The best description of a myelomeningocele is: a. asymptomatic failure of the posterior spinous processes of the vertebrae to fuse. b. herniation of the meninges through a vertebral defect. c. herniation of the meninges, CSF, and spinal cord or nerves through a vertebral defect. d. herniation of brain tissue through a defect in the cranium. ANS: C REF: 365 66.How is the presence of spina bifida diagnosed? a. Prenatally by ultrasound or detection of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in maternal blood or amniotic fluid b. Only after birth by direct observation of the sac c. After birth when the sac herniates as CSF builds up d. Only with a spinal X-ray d. Cessation of all skeletal muscle activity ANS: C REF: 369 72.How would a seizure consisting of bizarre or inappropriate activity be classified? a. Absence seizure b. Psychomotor seizure c. Focal seizure d. Jacksonian seizure ANS: B REF: 370 73.Which of the following is characteristic of multiple sclerosis? a. Remissions and exacerbations b. Predictable pattern of progression in all patients c. Onset in men and women more than 60 years of age d. Full recovery of function during remissions ANS: A REF: 371 74.Which statement does NOT apply to the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis? a. Demyelination of axons b. It affects the brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves c. It affects motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers d. Progressive random degeneration of peripheral nerves ANS: D REF: 371 75.Which of the following are common early signs of multiple sclerosis? a. Paralysis of the lower body, impaired cognitive function b. Areas of numbness, weakness in the legs, visual problems c. Sensory deficit in the legs and trunk, memory loss, urinary incontinence d. Tremors, speech impairment, hearing loss ANS: B REF: 371 76.Which of the following applies to Parkinson’s disease? a. Usually develops in men and women over 60 years of age. b. There is no apparent genetic component. c. The majority of cases are predisposed by intake of antipsychotic medications. d. It rarely develops in women. ANS: A REF: 373 77.What is the pathophysiological change in Parkinson’s disease? a. Degeneration of motor fibers in the pyramidal tracts b. Excess secretion of stimulatory neurotransmitters in the CNS c. Degeneration of the basal nuclei with a deficit of dopamine d. Deficit of acetylcholine and degeneration of the motor cortex in the frontal lobe ANS: C REF: 372-373 78.Which of the following are common early manifestations of Parkinson’s disease? a. Tremors at rest in the hands and repetitive motion of the hands b. Extreme weakness in the legs and spastic movements in the arms c. Visual deficits and speech impairment d. Loss of facial expressions and altered posture and gait d. Depression ANS: B REF: 378 84.In which disorders do biochemical abnormalities involving the neurotransmitters in the brain occur? 1. Bipolar disorder 2. Schizophrenia 3. Huntington’s disease 4. AIDS dementia a. 1, 3 b. 1, 4 c. 1, 2, 3 d. ANS: C REF: 375 | 378 2, 3, 4 85.Which of the following are typical characteristics associated with schizophrenia? a. Disorganized thought processes, short attention span, delusions b. Lack of energy and motivation, poor concentration, insomnia c. Hyperventilation, tachycardia, intense anxiety d. Memory loss, mood swings, hostile behavior ANS: A REF: 378 86.What is the typical initial effect of a herniated intervertebral disc at the L4 to L5 level? a. Back pain and weakness at waist level b. Muscle weakness in both legs c. Lower back pain radiating down the leg d. Urinary incontinence ANS: C REF: 380 87.What causes a herniated intervertebral disc? a. A tear in the nucleus pulposus b. A protrusion of the nucleus pulposus through the annulus fibrosis c. Displacement of the annulus fibrosis between the laminae d. Failure of the spinous processes to restrict movement of the intervertebral disc ANS: B REF: 380 88.Which of the following dietary supplements has reduced the incidence of spina bifida in recent years? a. Vitamin B6 b. Folic acid c. Vitamins A and D d. Zinc and magnesium ANS: B REF: 366 89.Which of the following is the most common cause of brain damage in children with cerebral palsy? a. Hyperbilirubinemia b. Hypoglycemia c. Hypoxia d. Trauma ANS: C REF: 366 90.The ataxic form of cerebral palsy results from damage to the: a. cerebellum. ANS: B REF: 368-369 95.Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of advanced Parkinson’s disease? a. Difficulty chewing and swallowing b. Urinary retention c. Loss of vision d. Orthostatic hypotension ANS: C REF: 373 96.Which of the following is a typical early sign of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)? a. Impaired ventilation b. Cognitive impairment c. Poor control of eye movement d. Weakness and muscle atrophy in upper limbs ANS: D REF: 374 97.Which of the following classes of drugs may provide temporary improvement in cases of myasthenia gravis? a. Skeletal muscle relaxants b . Dopamine replacement drugs c. Anticholinesterase agents d. GABA replacement drugs ANS: C REF: 374-375 98.Which of the following are typical early signs of Alzheimer’s disease? 1. Behavioral changes 2. Reduced ability to reason and problem solve 3. Decreased verbal responses 4. Urinary incontinence a. 1, 2 b. 1, 4 c. 2, 3 d. ANS: A REF: 377 1, 3, 4 99.Which of the following is NOT considered to be a common contributing factor to AIDS dementia? a. Invasion of the central nervous system by HIV b . Development of arteriosclerosis c. Secondary toxoplasmosis infection d. Development of cerebral lymphoma ANS: B REF: 378 100.Communicating hydrocephalus causes increased intracranial pressure because of: a. atresia at the foramen magnum. b. failure of the subarachnoid to absorb CSF. c. obstruction in the lumbar area of the spinal cord. d. scar tissue from encephalitis blocking flow of CSF. ANS: B REF: 364 101.Failure of the spinous processes to fuse, but without herniation of the meninges, is called: a. spina bifida occulta. b. meningocele. c. myelomeningocele. b . Marked stimulation of the central nervous system (CNS) c. Lethargy and decreased metabolic rate d. Altered perception and awareness as well as hallucinations ANS: D REF: 625 2. Which of the following statements is characteristic of alcohol? a. It is primarily a CNS stimulant. b. It may cause congenital defects in infants born to alcoholic mothers. c. It does not interact with other drugs in the CNS. d. It usually causes severe kidney damage. ANS: B REF: 628 3. What is physiological dependence? a. An intense emotional need for a drug in order to function b. Adaptation of the body to a drug, resulting in withdrawal signs after the drug is discontinued c. The need for an ever-increasing dose to produce the same effect d. Continuing to take a drug when it is not required medically ANS: B REF: 625 4. What is a common indication of substance abuse? a. Behavioral change b. Weight gain c. Depression d. Loss of sensory function ANS: A REF: 627 5. A patient who has developed a tolerance for codeine will: a. demonstrate physical signs when the drug is discontinued. b. require a larger dose than expected to control pain. c. require a smaller dose than expected to control pain. d. show signs or symptoms of drug toxicity. ANS: B REF: 625 6. Chemical dependency has been associated with all the following EXCEPT: a. hereditary factors. b. disease requiring certain prescription drugs. c. easy access to many kinds of drugs. d. increased acceptance of alcohol or marijuana to cope with stress. e. increased work productivity. ANS: E REF: 626 7. Which of the following is/are NOT a common sign(s) of withdrawal? a. Irritability b. Respiratory depression c. Nausea and vomiting d. Psychotic episodes and convulsions e. Tremors ANS: B REF: 628 8. When an increased dosage of a drug causes toxic effects, it is called: