NURS 721 Leadership, Policy, Ethics Exam, Exams of Nursing

Download NURS 721 Leadership, Policy, Ethics Exam and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NURS 721 Leadership, Policy, Ethics COMPLETED EXAM 2024 1. What are the four main types of organizational culture according to the Competing Values Framework? How do they differ in terms of values, assumptions, and practices? Provide an example of each type of culture in a healthcare setting. - The four main types of organizational culture are clan, adhocracy, hierarchy, and market. Clan culture is characterized by collaboration, trust, empowerment, and commitment. An example of a clan culture in a healthcare setting is a team of nurses who work closely together and support each other. Adhocracy culture is characterized by innovation, creativity, risk-taking, and flexibility. An example of an adhocracy culture in a healthcare setting is a research unit that develops new treatments or technologies. Hierarchy culture is characterized by stability, efficiency, control, and coordination. An example of a hierarchy culture in a healthcare setting is a hospital that follows strict rules and procedures. Market culture is characterized by competitiveness, results, achievement, and customer orientation. An example of a market culture in a healthcare setting is a clinic that focuses on attracting and retaining patients. 2. What are the three levels of communication competence according to Spitzberg and Cupach? How can nurses assess and improve their communication competence at each level? - The three levels of communication competence are motivation, knowledge, and skill. Motivation refers to the desire and willingness to communicate effectively with others. Nurses can assess their motivation by reflecting on their attitudes, values, and goals related to communication. They can improve their motivation by seeking feedback, setting realistic expectations, and rewarding themselves for their efforts. Knowledge refers to the understanding of the principles, rules, and norms of communication. Nurses can assess their knowledge by reviewing the theories, models, and concepts of communication. They can improve their knowledge by reading, studying, and attending workshops or seminars on communication. Skill refers to the ability to perform the behaviors and actions of communication. Nurses can assess their skill by observing their verbal and nonverbal cues, listening skills, and response strategies. They can improve their skill by practicing, rehearsing, and applying the techniques of communication. 3. What are the five sources of power according to French and Raven? How do they affect the relationships and outcomes of communication? - The five sources of power are legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, and referent. Legitimate power is based on the formal position or authority of the communicator. It affects the relationships and outcomes of communication by creating compliance or resistance from the receiver. Reward power is based on the ability of the communicator to provide positive incentives or benefits to the receiver. It affects the relationships and outcomes of communication by creating attraction or dependence from the receiver. Coercive power is based on the ability of the communicator to impose negative consequences or sanctions on the receiver. It affects the relationships and outcomes of communication by creating fear or avoidance from the receiver. Expert power is based on the knowledge or expertise of the communicator. It affects the relationships and outcomes of communication by creating trust or respect from the receiver. Referent power is based and pluralism of moral views and beliefs in society; ensuring the transparency, accountability, and participation of health policy processes; evaluating the effectiveness, efficiency, and equity of health policy outcomes; and adapting to the changing needs and expectations of populations and health systems. What are some of the ethical tools or frameworks that can help health policy makers to identify, analyze, and resolve ethical issues in health policy development? Give at least two examples. - Some of the ethical tools or frameworks that can help health policy makers are: ethical analysis, which is a systematic process of identifying the ethical values, principles, and arguments involved in a health policy issue, and weighing their strengths and weaknesses; ethical consultation, which is a collaborative process of seeking the input and advice of experts or stakeholders who have relevant knowledge, experience, or perspectives on a health policy issue; ethical codes or guidelines, which are sets of norms or standards that provide guidance or direction for ethical conduct or decision making in a specific domain or context of health policy; ethical impact assessment, which is a prospective or retrospective evaluation of the potential or actual ethical consequences or implications of a health policy intervention or outcome. What are some of the ethical responsibilities or obligations that nurses have when participating in or influencing health policy development? Give at least two examples. - Some of the ethical responsibilities or obligations that nurses have are: advocating for the rights and interests of patients and communities in health policy development; providing evidence-based and ethically sound information and advice to health policy makers; engaging in critical reflection and dialogue on ethical issues in health policy development; collaborating with other health professionals and stakeholders in developing and implementing ethical health policies; adhering to the professional codes or standards of nursing ethics in their practice; and continuing their education and training on ethical aspects of health policy development. If a physician owns equipment such as an X-ray machine or an EKG machine, are they more likely or less likely to utilize it in treatment? A. More likely B. Less likely The way that physicians are reimbursed affects the way they: A. Get paid B. Practice medicine C. Receive their income D. View their job In the 1980s, hospitals instituted utilization review to assess physicians relative to their peers. Who pressured the hospitals into this? A. Malpractice insurers B. The government C. Physicians themselves D. Patients Physicians are responsible for regulating their colleagues, setting the standards of care, and determining who will provide the care and in what setting. Therefore, physicians control: A. Payment B. Insurance claims C. Supply and demand D. Scheduling The overall healthcare system is designed to address: A. Illness B. Prevention of illness Complications are a(n) result of medical practice. A. Natural B. Serious C. Unfortunate D. Inevitable Medical profession has become more and more concerned that it has not sufficiently held itself to professional standards. True False What rewards healthcare networks that achieve high quality of care at lower costs through the redesign of the ways health care is delivered? A. PPOs B. Performance networks C. HMOs D. Pay for performance Ultimately, the pressure on health care is to create a more system. A. Unbiased B. Complex C. Equitable D. Complete Our system of care is defined by: A. Outcomes B. Physician expertise C. Nurse competence D. Payment structure The threat of malpractice litigation will lead to the excessive practice of defensive medicine and an increase in healthcare costs. True False Aging in the physician pool has created an issue in the forthcoming years. What percent of physicians is aged 50 or older? A. 25% B. 30% C. 45% D. 50% Which of the following does NOT have listed fee schedules to which physicians adhere? A. MCOs B. PPOs C. Medicaid D. All have fee schedules. Family practice physician workforce rates have been: A. increasing. B. Declining Given their dominance over the healthcare professions, physicians have been given the legal authority to assure the standard of care but due to the complexity of care and the greater need for care coordination, the balance of power is shifting toward a approach where the patient is the center. A. transdisciplinary B. holistic C. contemporary D. traditional The physician workforce is heavily located in: A. suburban areas. B. rural areas. C. urban areas. D. inner cities. What is the most common reason for disciplinary action by state medical and nursing boards? A. Improper billing B. Substance abuse C. Insubordination D. Theft To help supplement the shortage of physicians being trained in the United States, many IMGs are being hired. Which of the following are the dominant countries of origin for IMGs working in the United States? Select all that apply. A. Germany B. Philippines C. Mexico D. Australia Chapter 7 Which country has the highest rate of medical or prescription error? A. New Zealand B. Canada C. United states D. United Kingdome In order for patients to make informed choices on hospitals, they should use: A. Quality performance data B. Past personal experiences C. Word of mouth D. Insurance providers recommendations Which of the following are dimensions of error management? A. Limiting the reporting of errors B. Maintaining worst-case scenario protocol C. Creating financial thresholds not to be surpassed D. Creating systems that are better able to tolerate errors and contain the damaging effects Which of the following are considered documentation errors? A. Charting procedures prior to completion B. All are considered documentation errors C. Charting medications prior to administration D. Failure to chart patient observation What type of care is designed around the interests and needs of patients and their families? A. Holistic care B. Cognitive care C. Biomedical care D. Patient-centered care Which of the following is NOT a part of the triple aim framework? A. Improve the health of population B. Improve the patients experience of care C. Improve the treatment outcomes through better doctors D. Reduce the per capita cost of health care What has been the foundation for research into errors and adverse events? A. Billing data B. Error reporting systems C. M & M conference D. Chart review What is a strong method of identifying latent errors? A. M & M conference B. Medical malpractice claims analysis C. Chart review D. Error reporting systems Which tool generates and synthesizes evidence and compares benefits and harms of different interventions and strategies to monitor health c are and improve the delivery of care? A. AHRQ B. PPACA C. CER D. CDC The was established in 1989 to lead efforts to boost the quality of health care in the United States and to fund research on the comparative effectiveness of interventions. A. CDC B. PPACA C. CER D. AHRQ Approximately how many U.S hospitals participate in the NDNQI? A. 30,000 B. 1,200 C. 500 D. 2,100 The NDNQI is a repository for nursing-sensitive indicators and was developed by: A. Harvard school of nursing B. ANA C. University of Kansas school of nursing D. AMA Within this new culture of safety, support, and counseling for those who make mistakes and open communication of errors and safety issues are included. True False Which of the following is responsible for the most deaths in the United States? A. Breast cancer B. Motor vehicle accidents C. AIDS D. Medical errors What is the name for system defects that are difficult to measure because they occur over greater periods of time and space and because they may exist for a long period before they lead to an error or adverse event? A. Latent error B. Near miss C. Latent mistake D. Active error What are Reason's two approaches to the problem of human error? A. Person approach and condition approach B. Person approach and system approach C. System approach and individual approach D. System approach and latent approach Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that allows high-reliability organizations to make their system as robust as practicable in the face of both human and operational hazards? A. Managing complex, demanding technologies so as to avoid major failures B. Carrying out demanding activities with high incident rates C. Maintaining the capacity to meet periods of peak demand D. Being internally dynamic, complex, and interactive According to the California Academy of Physicians' study, where did the most errors occur in primary care settings over the course of 1 year? A. Communication problems B. Prescribing errors C. Lab results D. Charting errors Which of the following is one of the 5 categories of 30 safe practices that can work to reduce or prevent adverse events? A. Providing generic settings or processes of care B. Decreasing safe medication use C. Matching healthcare needs with services delivery capability D. Facilitating unclear communication How can a process be made error-proof? A. By making information readily available to all who need it B. By reducing the number of hand-offs C. By structuring critical tasks so that errors cannot be made D. By improving information access Which method of detecting errors and adverse events is the weakest form of study design? A. Morbidity and mortality conferences and autopsy B. Chart review C. Clinical surveillance D. Administrative data analysis Which action would make health care safer? A. Maintaining relationships between medical providers and patients that are abrupt with questions unanswered and time not spent B. Hospitals not telling patients or families about mistakes that injured or killed C. Dropping a requirement that physicians study medical malpractice prevention techniques as part of their licensing requirements D. Creation of laws that require healthcare professionals to compile and share data on their mistakes What is the name of the consumer-based website that provides information on how well hospitals provide recommended care to their patients that experienced congestive heart failure, heart attack, pneumonia, or surgery? A. Sorry Works! B. Critical Access Hospitals C. Injury Prevention Model D. Hospital Compare Which of the following are professions that Reason feels should be looked at in a way to help the healthcare profession limit dangerous errors and create systems that are better able to tolerate and contain errors? Select all that apply. A. U.S. Navy nuclear aircraf t carriers B. Professional football teams C. Air traffic control centers D. High voltage power line repair According to the California Academy of Family Physicians, which of the following is responsible for the highest percentage of errors (24%)? A. Communication problems B. Discontinuity of care C. Lab results D. Missing values or charting If documented by the CDC, where would medical errors rank in the leading causes of death list? A. 10th B. 2nd C. 6th D. 1st What is lacking when nurses do not advocate for the best interests of their clients? A. Guidelines B. Moral agency C. Education D. Compassion Professional codes of conduct require that of professional behavior by colleagues be reported to the profession or appropriate licensing body. A. breaches B. adversity C. compromises D. difficulties Which coalition is made up of doctors, insurers, lawyers, and patient advocates? A. Sorry Works! B. Critical Access Hospitals C. Injury Prevention Model D. Hospital Compare What is the purpose of the SPEAK UP campaign? A. Create a voice for patients in advocacy B. Allow insurers to communicate directly with patients C. Avoid medication errors at the doctor's office It is crucial for today’s global healthcare workforce to maintain current knowledge, skills, and mobility to reach, educate, and treat diverse combinations of populations worldwide while striving to prevent outbreaks of disease once thought to be controlled or eradicated. True False Due to the international composition, professional healthcare workers are collectively referred to as: A. Doctors without borders B. The global healthcare workforce C. The international healthcare workforce D. Healthcare workers of the world Regardless of the country, the need for culturally diverse healthcare workers is declining due to the proliferation of English language. True False Diversity in healthcare workers is only necessary in the primary and secondary workforce, not in the tertiary care setting True False Who created the standards for the ethical implications associated with recruitment of international healthcare workers? A. PPACA B. AMA C. CSC D. AEIRP The WHO’s global code of practice on the international recruitment of health personnel includes a threat to healthcare workers supplies section. True False The nontraditional education concept where those who are studying to practice in one health discipline learn shoulder to shoulder with students of other health disciplines is referred to as: A. Multidiscipline education B. Interprofessional education C. Co-op education D. Educational cooperative Interprofessional experience during prelicensed heightens the potential to eradicate traditional silos that serve as barriers to interprofessional practice. True False Varied treaties, politically motivated policies, educational preparation, and the laws of various countries overwhelmingly affect the migration of nurses. True False Countries that nurses want to work in are called: A. Ideal countries B. Prime countries C. Optimal countries D. Destination countries Because of the extensive wait for U.S. permanent residency visas, many international RNs, physical therapists, and other skilled professionals are actively seeking to immigrate to other countries where permanent residency visas are more readily accessible. True False Deciding factors in heading to a destination country for work are economic status and: A. Internal politics B. Cuisine options C. Insurance providers D. Language options How many nursing programs does china offer? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 3 Which country educates ots nurses through a specialist pathway? A. Philippines B. Mexico C. United Kingdom D. India How many pillars support competitive sustainability? A. 2 B. 1 C. 3 D. 4 Select from the following the pillars that support competitive sustainability. A. Environmental and financial sustainability B. Governmental and social sustainability C. Financial and governmental sustainability D. Social and environment sustainability The two types of assessments to determine comparability of migrating nurses to the united states are advisory assessment and: A. Provisional assessment B. Cognitive assessment C. Transcript assessment D. Determinative assessment All countries require nursing registration including the united states True False Who or what deals with the rules of trade between nations globally A. EU B. WTO C. CAFTA D. NAFTA What is the purpose of a trade agreement with regard to nursing? A. Increase the viability of reducing bioterrorism B. Allow governments to rid themselves of overpopulation C. Reduce barriers and liberalize international trade D. Create and increase in revenue for governments from taxpayers Approximately how many medical apps are there for smartphones and tablets? A. 5,000 B. 100,000 C. 40,000 D. 1,000 Nurses must utilize the advancements in social media and global networking opportunities as tools to advance worldwide nursing activism and advocacy. True False The misdistribution of help calls for a competent healthcare workforce that is flexible and motivated to migrate to where they are most needed. True False How long did it take China to bring a polio outbreak under control in 2011? A. 90 days B. 180 days C. 270 days D. 1 year Which of the following is NOT a push factor that influences migrating to another country? A. Low-paying jobs B. Improvement in quality of life C. Lack of advancement D. Minimal growth International travel resulted in approximately 2,000 people in the United States being diagnosed and treated for this in 2011? A. HIV B. Polio C. Malaria D. Dengue fever How many countries fall below the threshold of 59.4 skilled health professionals per 10,000 people in the population? A. 83 B. 100 C. 118 D. 68 refers to the delay in obtaining an immigrant visa when there are more people applying for immigrant visas in a given year than the total number of available visas. A. Retrogression B. Remission C. Throttling D. Reduction This voluntary code of ethical conduct was revised to not only cover foreign-educated nurses but to also include other foreign-educated healthcare professionals. A. GATS B. CARICOM C. ECSACON D. AEIRP As opposed to other countries, nursing education occurs on a(n) level in the United States. A. specialist pathway B. primary educational C. postsecondary educational D. apprenticeship The VisaScreen: Visa Credentials Assessment Service and the Certification Program offered by CGFNS International are examples of assessment. A. advisory B. determinative Chapter 9 Which was founded first? A. District nursing association of northern Westchester B. American red cross rural nursing service Which nursing advocate stated nursing professionals need “to look at social political problems and include social reform among their professional obligations”? A. Fannie clement B. Ellen M. Wood C. Lavinia Dock D. Lilian Wald A person who is a member of a vulnerable population may not experience vulnerability; conversely, a person who is a member of a non-vulnerable population maybe vulnerable due to particular life events. True False Alterations in health may precipitate vulnerability along with potential for negative health: A. Reductions B. Terms C. Insurance D. Outcomes The concept of health equity was introduced in healthy people 2020. What is required in achieving health equity? A. Constructing guidelines for treatment based on social norms B. Valuing everyone equally C. Creating a triage approach to helping individuals with chronic illnesses D. Prioritizing individuals based on health needs Which of the following is nonmodifiable vulnerability factor? A. Age B. Social support C. Poverty D. Education Vulnerability can be assigned to populations, and it can occur in individuals. True False The phrase “Health for All” comes from the: A. Constitution B. Bill of rights C. Declaration of Alma-Ata D. Physicians oath Ellen Wood served on the committee to establish the: A. American Red Cross. B. Army Nurse Corps. C. Henry Street Settlement. D. ANA. Health services, as a determinant of health, refers to both and quality of healthcare services. A. access to B. amount of C. willingness of D. time