Leadership, Policy, Ethics in Nursing, Exams of Nursing

Download Leadership, Policy, Ethics in Nursing and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NURS 721 Leadership, Policy, Ethics COMPLETED EXAM 2024 1. What are the four main types of organizational culture according to the Competing Values Framework? How do they differ in terms of values, assumptions, and practices? - The four main types of organizational culture are clan, adhocracy, hierarchy, and market. Clan culture emphasizes collaboration, trust, and empowerment. Adhocracy culture emphasizes innovation, creativity, and risk-taking. Hierarchy culture emphasizes stability, efficiency, and control. Market culture emphasizes competitiveness, results, and customer orientation. 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of transformational leadership in nursing? Provide an example of a situation where transformational leadership would be appropriate and effective. - Transformational leadership is a style of leadership that inspires followers to achieve a shared vision, develop their potential, and perform beyond expectations. Some advantages of transformational leadership in nursing are: increased motivation, satisfaction, and commitment among staff; improved quality of care and patient outcomes; enhanced innovation and problem-solving; and reduced turnover and burnout. Some disadvantages of transformational leadership in nursing are: high expectations and demands on leaders and followers; potential for ethical dilemmas and abuse of power; difficulty in measuring and evaluating outcomes; and lack of attention to details and procedures. An example of a situation where transformational leadership would be appropriate and effective is a major organizational change or reform that requires staff to adapt to new roles, processes, and standards. 3. What are the key components of emotional intelligence (EI) according to Daniel Goleman? How can EI enhance nursing leadership and practice? - The key components of emotional intelligence (EI) according to Daniel Goleman are: self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. EI can enhance nursing leadership and practice by: enabling leaders to understand their own emotions and those of others; helping leaders to manage their emotions and impulses; motivating leaders to pursue their goals and values; enabling leaders to empathize with patients, colleagues, and stakeholders; and helping leaders to communicate effectively, build rapport, and resolve conflicts. 4. What are the main differences between transactional and relational contracts in employment relationships? How do they affect employee behavior and performance? - Transactional contracts are based on economic exchanges between employers and employees, such as pay for work or rewards for results. Relational contracts are based on social exchanges between employers and employees, such as trust, loyalty, and commitment. Transactional contracts tend to affect employee behavior and performance by: increasing extrinsic motivation, compliance, and efficiency; reducing intrinsic motivation, creativity, and initiative; creating a short-term orientation and a narrow focus; and fostering a calculative attitude and a low level of trust. Relational contracts tend to affect employee behavior and performance by: increasing intrinsic motivation, engagement, and learning; reducing extrinsic motivation, turnover, and absenteeism; creating a long-term orientation and a broad focus; and fostering a cooperative attitude and a high level of trust. 5. What are the main challenges faced by nurse leaders in today's complex health care environment? How can nurse leaders overcome these challenges? - Some of the main challenges faced by nurse leaders in today's complex health care environment are: managing diverse and multigenerational workforce; coping with rapid changes in technology, regulations, and expectations; balancing competing demands of quality, safety, efficiency, and cost; leading interprofessional teams and collaborating with other disciplines; developing future leaders and succession planning; advocating for the nursing profession and influencing health policy. Nurse leaders can overcome these challenges by: adopting a flexible and adaptive leadership style; engaging in continuous learning and professional development; leveraging evidence-based practice and data-driven decision making; fostering a culture of empowerment and accountability; building trust (support and pressure), government-civil society (information and criticism), government-international organizations (partnership and dependency), government-population groups (communication and persuasion), vaccine manufacturers-health workers (supply and demand), vaccine manufacturers-civil society (regulation and accountability), vaccine manufacturers-international organizations (contract and donation), vaccine manufacturers-population groups (production and consumption), health workers-civil society (advocacy and awareness), health workers-international organizations (training and guidance), health workers-population groups (service and trust), civil society-international organizations (collaboration and coordination), civil society-population groups (education and mobilization), international organizations-population groups (assistance and feedback). What are the main concepts and frameworks for health systems strengthening? How can they help to identify and address the gaps and challenges in health systems performance? Apply one of the concepts or frameworks to a specific health system issue or case of your choice. Answer: Some of the main concepts and frameworks for health systems strengthening are: health system building blocks (WHO), health system functions (World Bank), health system goals (OECD), health system outcomes (USAID), health system dynamics (Alliance for Health Policy and Systems Research), health system resilience (Rockefeller Foundation). They can help to identify and address the gaps and challenges in health systems performance by providing a comprehensive, systematic, and holistic perspective on the components, processes, and results of health systems, as well as their interactions, adaptations, and influences. One example of applying one of the concepts or frameworks is: Health system building blocks framework for improving maternal health in Nigeria - Assess the current situation of each of the six building blocks of the health system in Nigeria in relation to maternal health, such as: service delivery (poor quality and coverage of antenatal care, delivery care, postnatal care, family planning, emergency obstetric care, etc.), health workforce (shortage, maldistribution, low motivation, and retention of skilled birth attendants, midwives, nurses, doctors, etc.), health information system (weak data collection, analysis, reporting, and use of maternal health indicators, such as maternal mortality ratio, skilled birth attendance rate, unmet need for family planning, etc.), medical products, vaccines and technologies (inadequate supply, distribution, and management of essential drugs, equipment, and commodities for maternal health care, such as oxytocin, misoprostol, magnesium sulfate, blood products, etc.), health financing (low public spending on health, high out-of-pocket payments for maternal health services, . What are the four main ethical principles that guide health policy development? Explain each principle with an example. - The four main ethical principles are respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Respect for autonomy means that individuals have the right to make their own decisions about their health and well-being, as long as they do not harm others. For example, a health policy that allows patients to refuse life-sustaining treatment respects their autonomy. Beneficence means that health policies should aim to promote the welfare and well-being of individuals and communities, and prevent or reduce harm. For example, a health policy that provides universal access to health care services promotes beneficence. Non-maleficence means that health policies should avoid causing harm or suffering to individuals or groups, or minimize it if unavoidable. For example, a health policy that regulates the safety and quality of medical devices and drugs prevents or reduces harm. Justice means that health policies should distribute the benefits and burdens of health care fairly and equitably, and respect the rights and dignity of all people. For example, a health policy that addresses the social determinants of health and reduces health disparities promotes justice. . What are some of the ethical challenges or dilemmas that health policy makers may face when developing or implementing health policies? Give at least three examples and explain how they can be resolved or mitigated. - Some of the ethical challenges or dilemmas that health policy makers may face are: - Balancing the interests and values of different stakeholders, such as patients, providers, insurers, governments, industries, and civil society. For example, a health policy that aims to reduce the cost of health care may conflict with the interests of providers who want to maintain their income, or patients who want to access the best available treatments. To resolve or mitigate this challenge, health policy makers can engage in stakeholder consultation and participation, seek evidence-based and transparent decision making, and consider trade-offs and compromises. - Prioritizing the allocation of scarce or limited resources, such as funding, personnel, equipment, or vaccines. For example, a health policy that decides who gets access to a new or experimental treatment may have to choose between different criteria, such as need, effectiveness, cost-effectiveness, equity, or lottery. To resolve or mitigate this challenge, health policy makers can use ethical frameworks and principles, such as the accountability for reasonableness framework, or the fair innings principle. - Respecting the diversity and pluralism of moral values and beliefs in a multicultural society. For example, a health policy that regulates the provision of abortion services may encounter opposition from some religious or cultural groups who consider it immoral or unacceptable. To resolve or mitigate this challenge, health policy makers can respect the freedom of conscience and religion of individuals and groups, accommodate reasonable exemptions or alternatives, and promote tolerance and dialogue. 1. Mrs. Constancia Ramiro is the Chief Nurse of Bacarra City Medical Center. She is regarded by her staff as a good and a very qualified leader. A good nurse leader is all of the following except: a. Able to inspire the nursing followers. b. Able to judge her people. c. Able to lift nursing staff morale. d. Able to motivate her subordinates and people. 2. The Supervisor Nurse, Mrs. Georgina Matute, confers with her staff and considers their suggestions and ideas when a nursing activity is to be done in the nursing unit. The leadership style that she used is: a. Democratic b. Bureaucratic c. Autocratic d. Permissive 3. Nurse Susan was suspended by the Supervisor Nurse due to her misbehavior against two of her assigned clients. The nurse went directly to the Chief Nurse and shed light on such an action to her. The nurse violated the principle of: a. Delegation b. Accountability c. Span of control d. Channel of communication 4. The suspension given to the staff nurse in question number seven is what type of power used by the supervisor nurse? a. Expert power b. Connection power c. Coercive power d. Reward power 5. It refers to the final act in the establishment of one’s credibility. a. Responsibility b. Accountability c. Authority d. Aggressiveness 26. Ways to monitor and measure performance of nursing care services are done through the following, except: a. Conflict resolution b. Quality assurance c. Nursing audit d. Performance evaluation 27. One of the functions of the nurse manager under controlling is performance evaluation. Performance evaluation is necessary in order to: a. Maintain checks and balances. b. Compare performance with standards. c. Ensure that tasks are being carried out as planned. d. Have feedback control. 28. A good control system encourages each employee to exercise self-control. Self-control means: a. Knows her expected level of performance. b. Initiates own activities even without instructions. c. Develop personal philosophy and values of nursing practice. d. Can work well with other members of the health team. 29. This is a performance appraisal tool that allows the nurse employee to evaluate his own performance? a. Peer review b. Self-appraisal c. Checklist d. Rank-order method 30. This is a common error in appraisal when the rater has a tendency to overrate nurse staff based on his first impression. The evaluation is based on the good traits one sees in a person. a. Halo effect b. Horn’s effect c. Hawthorne’s effect d. Leniency error 31. These are standards that refer to actual nursing care procedures or those activities engaged in by nurses to administer care. a. Structure standard b. Process standard c. Outcome standard d. Logical standard 32. There are criteria for setting goals in a nursing organization. Which is not? a. Specific b. Resistive c. Realistic d. Measurable 33. Which of the following statements is incorrect regarding nursing management? a. Management is the art of getting things done through people. b. Managers are also considered leaders. c. The role of managers is simpler than leaders. d. Managers are vested with power and authority. 34. In anticipation of a nursing shortage, the nursing management in a facility is investigating a nursing care delivery model that involves the division of tasks, with one nurse assuming the responsibility for particular tasks. This model is called: a. Total patient care b. Functional nursing c. Team nursing d. Primary nursing 35. The medical center has changed its overall management philosophy from centralized to decentralized management. One advantage of a decentralized management structure for the nursing units over a centralized structure is that: a. Staff is not responsible for defining their roles b. Managers handle the difficult decisions c. Communication pathways are simplified d. Each staff member is accountable for evaluating the plan of care. 36. It is a process of influence whereby the leader influences others toward goal achievement: a. Power b. Management process c. Motivation d. Leadership 37. It is a process of coordinating actions and allocating resources to achieve organizational goals: a. Autocratic leadership b. Bureaucratic organization c. Informal leader d. Management 38. Accountability is a critical aspect of nursing care. An example of a specific decision-making process of accountability is demonstrated by: a. Selecting the medication schedule for the client b. Implementing discharge teaching plans that meet individual needs c. Evaluating the client’s outcomes after implementation of care d. Promoting participation of all staff members in unit meetings 39. Susan, RN is assigned as a primary nurse to an Alzheimer patient. She was assigned certain responsibilities by the head nurse. A nurse’s use of ethical responsibility can best be seen in which of the following ways? a. Delivery of competent care b. Formation of interpersonal relationships c. Application of the nursing process d. Evaluation of new computerized technologies 40. Care delivery model that assigns staff to teams that then are responsible for a group of patients: a. Case management b. Functional method c. Total patient care d. Team nursing 41. The nurse leader has low concern for people and uses threats and fear-based methods to achieve performance. This is a leadership style that was formulated by Rensis Likert which is: a. Exploitative-authoritative b. Benevolent-authoritative c. Consultative-democratic d. Participative-democratic 42. There are leadership styles developed by Kurt Lewin. The leadership style that results in low productivity and employee frustration, is: a. Autocratic style b. Democratic style c. Permissive type d. Transformative type 43. Nurse Anna Mary wants all her clients in the ward to be happy and satisfied. The nurse is following what leadership theory? a. Country club b. Transactional leader c. Transformational leader d. Participative leader 44. There are types of power. This type stems from a formal management position in an organization and the authority granted to it. a. Expert power b. Legitimate power c. Connection power d. Reward power. 45. The clinical instructor explained to the students that in order to meet the goals of the organization, certain principles of management should be followed. What is the correct description of unity of command? a. Obedience and respect of the rules of the organization. b. Each employee receives only from one superior. c. Objectives and direction come from one manager using one plan. d. Degree to which subordinates are involved in decision making. 46. The nurse manager, Mrs. Rosita Bonilla, MAN, retained the services of the staff nurse assigned at the medical ward. What principle of management is being described in this situation? a. Equity b. Stability of tenure c. Initiative d. Esprit de corps Nursing Management 47. Johanna Marie Daquil, MAN is the nurse manager of the ER Department. She adapts leadership skills. The type of leadership skill that may cause individual initiative and creativity to be stifled is: a. Democratic style b. Autocratic style c. Situational d. Permissive 48. Nurse Manager Rodessa is handling a conflict between two staff nurses. To settle a conflict, it is suggested that the nurse manager will focus on: a. Developing a compromise solution to solve the conflict b. Investigating what the conflict parties want to achieve as an outcome c. Identifying the real issues and solving them d. Limiting the number of possible solutions to the conflict 49. When the nurse manager is deciding what to do, when, where, how, by whom, and with what resources, which of the following management process is being performed? a. Controlling b. Directing c. Planning d. Organizing 50. The nurse executive Mrs. Rosanna Agdeppa, who does not include staff members in the decision-making process, is practicing which style of leadership? a. Democratic b. Directive c. Permissive d. Charismatic 51. During an emergency, the nurse executive Mrs. Patricia Villaruz would most appropriately use which of the following leadership styles? a. Democratic b. Directive c. Permissive d. Country club 52. Dr. Paula Viscarra is very effective at inspiring and motivating her nursing staff to give highly skilled, efficient and quality nursing care. She demonstrates which of the following? a. Controlling leadership b. Directive management c. Good leadership d. Strong management 53. The nurse manager Exequiel Naculangan, MAN recognizes that to achieve effective communication, the listener should do which of the following? a. Attempt to judge the meaning of the speaker’s words as the words are being spoken. b. Avoid questioning the speaker regarding the meaning of statements. c. Formulate responses as the speaker talks to avoid an uncomfortable delay in the conversation. d. Give full attention to what the speaker is saying verbally and nonverbally. 54. In which of the following examples might a nurse manager feel or she has accountability but not authority for the unit: a. The manager is told by administration to tell the staff that they must reduce overtime as a means to reduce budgetary costs b. The manager must evaluate the unit staff but is not allowed to hire or fire staff c. The manager is asked to recommend a new staffing procedure d. The manager prepares a monthly budget variance report that includes plans to correct overspending. 55. Motivation is whatever influences our choices. What factors did Frederick Herzberg say would motivate workers and lead to job satisfaction? a. Being offered a substantial bonus when being hired. b. Realizing that no one ever gets fired from the organization and that job security is high. c. Having good relationship with colleagues and supervisors. d. Being offered opportunities for development and advancement 56. A team is a small number of people with complementary skills who are committed to a common purpose, performance goals and approach for which they hold themselves accountable. One of the primary duties of effective team leaders on their team is to: a. Ensure that all details are taken care of all time. b. Enable the team to envision their goals and objectives. c. Take effective minutes of the meetings. d. Allow everyone a chance to participate, even if the work takes longer than expected. 57. Nurse Kathy Sy, RN is a Supervisor Nurse at Brand New Hospital. She regularly identifies teams of nurses to carry out a goal within the organization. In maintaining an environment conducive to team building, it is important to: a. Have an autocratic management style by leaders. b. Encourage creativity within the organization c. Reward employees who consistently revise the team’s objectives.