NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023, Exams of Nursing

Download NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 and more Exams Nursing in PDF only on Docsity! NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ MIDTERM1 • . What organic compound facilitates transportation across cell membranes by acting as receptors, transport channels for electrolytes, and enzymes to drive active pumps? a. Lipids c. Proteins b. Proteases d. Carbohydrates • . Under anaerobic conditions, what process provides energy for the cell? a. Oxidative phosphorylation c. Lactolysis b. Glycolysis d. Passive transport 2 • . During cell injury caused by hypoxia, an increase in the osmotic pressure occurs within the cell because: a. Plasma proteins enter the cell. b. The adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase)–driven pump is stronger during hypoxia. c. Sodium chloride enters the cell. NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ a. High sodium in the blood vessels pulls water out of the brain cells into the blood vessels, causing brain cells to shrink. b. High sodium in the brain cells pulls water out of the blood vessels into the brain cells, causing them to swell. c. High sodium in the blood vessels pulls potassium out of the brain cells, which slows the synapses in the brain. d. High sodium in the blood vessels draws chloride into the brain cells followed by water, causing the brain cells to swell. • . Vomiting-induced metabolic alkalosis, resulting in the loss of chloride, causes: a. Retained sodium to bind with the chloride b. Hydrogen to move into the cell and exchange with potassium to maintain cation balance c. Retention of bicarbonate to maintain the anion balance d. Hypoventilation to compensate for the metabolic alkalosis a. Sodium depletion b. Decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ c. Increased plasma oncotic pressure d. Lymphatic obstruction • . During acidosis, the body compensates for the increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for which electrolyte? a. Oxygen c. Potassium b. Sodium d. Magnesium • 24. It is true that Kussmaul respirations indicate: a. Anxiety is a cause of respiratory acidosis. b. A compensatory measure is needed to correct metabolic acidosis. c. Diabetic ketoacidosis is the cause of the metabolic acidosis. d. More oxygen is necessary to compensate for respiratory acidosis. • . Chvostek and Trousseau signs indicate which electrolyte imbalance? a. Hypokalemia c. Hypocalcemia b. Hyperkalemia d. Hypercalcemia • . An excessive use of magnesium-containing antacids and aluminum- containing antacids can result in: a. Hypomagnesemia c. Hyponatremia NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ • . The data reporting that sickle cell disease affects approximately 1 in 600 American blacks is an example of which concept? a. Incidence c. Ratio b. Prevalence d. Risk 8 • . Which primary characteristic is unique for the immune response? a. The immune response is similar each time it is activated. b. The immune response is specific to the antigen that initiates it. c. The response to a specific pathogen is short term. d. The response is innate, rather than acquired. • . Which type of immunity is produced by an individual after either natural exposure to the antigen or after immunization against the antigen? a. Passive-acquired immunity c. Passive-innate immunity b. Active-acquired immunity d. Active-innate immunity • . Increased age may cause which change in lymphocyte function? NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ a. Increased production of antibodies against self-antigens b. Decreased number of circulating T cells c. Decreased production of autoantibodies d. Increased production of helper T cells 10 • . Phagocytosis involves neutrophils actively attacking, engulfing, and destroying which microorganisms? a. Bacteria c. Viruses b. Fungi d. Yeasts • 6. Which statement concerning exotoxins is true? a. Exotoxins are contained in cell walls of gram-negative bacteria. b. Exotoxins are released during the lysis of bacteria. c. Exotoxins are able to initiate the complement and coagulation cascades. d. Exotoxins are released during bacterial growth. • . What is the process that ensures mitral and tricuspid valve closure after the ventricles are filled with blood? NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ a. Chordae tendineae relax, which allows the valves to close. b. Increased pressure in the ventricles pushes the valves to close. c. Trabeculae carneae contract, which pulls the valves closed. d. Reduced pressure in the atria creates a negative pressure that pulls the valves closed. NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ a. Atria c. Sinoatrial (SA) node b. Aorta d. Ventricles • . What is an expected change in the cardiovascular system that occurs with aging? a. Arterial stiffening b. Decreased left ventricular wall tension c. Decreased aortic wall thickness d. Arteriosclerosis • . What physical sign is the result of turbulent blood flow through a vessel? a. Increased blood pressure during periods of stress b. Bounding pulse felt on palpation c. Cyanosis observed on excretion d. Murmur heard on auscultation • . What is the major effect of a calcium channel blocker such as verapamil on cardiac contractions? a. Increases the rate of cardiac contractions. b. Decreases the strength of cardiac contractions. c. Stabilizes the rhythm of cardiac contractions. d. Stabilizes the vasodilation during cardiac contractions. NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ atherosclerosis? Release of the inflammatory cytokines Macrophages adhere to vessel walls. Injury to the endothelial cells that line the artery walls Release of the platelet-deprived growth factor . What is the effect of oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in atherosclerosis? LDLs cause smooth muscle proliferation. LDLs cause regression of atherosclerotic plaques. LDLs increase levels of inflammatory cytokines. NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ 33 • . What is the initiating event that leads to the development of a. b. c. d. • a. b. c. NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ d. LDLs direct macrophages to the site in the endothelium. • . When endothelia cells are injured, what alteration contributes to atherosclerosis? a. The release of toxic oxygen radicals that oxidize low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). b. Cells are unable to make the normal amount of vasodilating cytokines. c. Cells produce an increased amount of antithrombotic cytokines d. Cells develop a hypersensitivity to homocysteine and lipids. • . What is the usual source of pulmonary emboli? a. Deep venous thrombosis c. Valvular disease b. Endocarditisd. Left heart failure • . Which statement best describes thromboangiitis obliterans (Buerger disease)? a. Inflammatory disorder of small- and medium-size arteries in the feet and sometimes in the hands b. Vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the fingers and, less commonly, of the toes c. Autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper and lower extremities d. Neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the upper NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve to react in which manner? a. Shif t to the right, causing more oxygen (O2) to be released to the cells b. Shift to the left, allowing less O2 to be released to the cells c. Show no change, allowing the O2 concentration to remain stable d. Show dramatic fluctuation, allowing the O2 concentration to increase • . What is the most important cause of pulmonary artery constriction? a. Low alveolar partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO2) b. Hyperventilation c. Respiratory alkalosis d. Epinephrine • . Where does the tracheal bifurcation occur? a. Larynx c. Carina NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ b. Bronchi d. Nasopharynx • . What is the purpose of the spirometry measurement? a. To evaluate the cause of hypoxia b. To measure the volume and flow rate during forced expiration c. To measures the gas diffusion rate at the alveolocapillary membrane d. To determine pH and oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations • . Considering the hypothalamus, a fever is produced by: a. Endogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus. b. Exogenous pyrogens acting directly on the hypothalamus. c. Immune complexes acting indirectly on the hypothalamus. d. Cytokines acting indirectly on the hypothalamus. • . Which statement about vaccines is true? a. Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms. b. Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms. c. Vaccines require booster injections to maintain life-long protection. d. Vaccines provide effective protection against most infections. NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ • . Vaccines against viruses are created from: a. Killed organisms or extracts of antigens b. Live organisms weakened to produce antigens NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ • . Which is an expected hormonal change in an older patient? a. Thyroid-stimulating hormone secretion below normal b. Triiodothyronine level below normal c. Cortisol level below normal d. Adrenocorticotropic hormone level above normal 22 • . The common cause of elevated levels of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secretion is: a. Ectopically produced ADH c. Posterior pituitary tumor b. Inflammation of the hypothalamus d. Inflammation of the nephrons • . The cause of neurogenic diabetes insipidus (DI) is related to an organic lesion of the: a. Anterior pituitary c. Posterior pituitary b. Thalamus d. Renal tubules • . The signs of thyrotoxic crisis include: a. Constipation with gastric distention c. Hyperthermia and tachycardia b. Bradycardia and bradypnea d. Constipation and lethargy NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ • . A deficiency of which chemical may result in hypothyroidism? a. Iron c. Zinc b. Iodine d. Magnesium • . Renal failure is the most common cause of which type of hyperparathyroidism? a. Primary c. Exogenous b. Secondary d. Inflammatory • . Type 2 diabetes mellitus is best described as a(an): a. Resistance to insulin by insulin-sensitive tissues b. Need for lispro instead of regular insulin c. Increase of glucagon secretion from  cells of the pancreas d. Presence of insulin autoantibodies that destroy  cells in the pancreas NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ • . When comparing the clinical manifestations of both diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome (HHNKS), which condition is associated with only DKA? a. Fluid loss c. Increased serum glucose b. Weight loss d. Kussmaul respirations 32 • . Which statement does not accurately describe the pericardium? a. The pericardium is a double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart. b. It is made up of connective tissue and a surface layer of squamous cells. c. The pericardium protects the heart against infection and inflammation from the lungs and pleural space. d. It contains pain and mechanoreceptors that can elicit reflex changes in blood pressure and heart rate. • . Which cardiac chamber has the thinnest wall and why? a. The right and lef t atria; they are low-pressure chambers that serve as storage units and conduits for blood. b. The right and left atria; they are not directly involved in the preload, contractility, or afterload of the heart. NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ b. Smoking cessation c. Postural chest drainage techniques d. Identification of early signs of infection • . Squamous cell carcinoma of the lung is best described as a tumor that causes which alterations? a. Abscesses and ectopic hormone production b. Airway obstruction and atelectasis c. Pleural effusion and shortness of breath d. Chest wall pain and early metastasis • . What medical term is used to identify the presence of pus in the pleural space? a. Plural effusion c. Empyema b. Asthma d. Pneumonia 39 • . Which clinical manifestations of a urinary tract infection may be demonstrated in an 85-year-old individual? a. Confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort b. Dysuria, frequency, and suprapubic pain NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ c. Hematuria and flank pain d. Pyuria, urgency, and frequency 79.. Which abnormal laboratory value is found in glomerular disorders? a. Elevated creatinine concentration c. Elevated immunoglobulin A (IgA) b. Low blood urea nitrogen (BUN) d. Low serum complement 41 80. . Why are water and electrolytes transported in both directions through tight junctions and intercellular spaces rather than across cell membranes? a. The intercellular hydrostatic pressure is inadequate to push the water and electrolytes across the cell membranes. b. A balance of cations and ions among the electrolytes on each side of the cell membranes cannot be maintained. NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ c. The epithelial cell membranes are formed of lipids that are hydrophobic and therefore repel water. d. Receptors on those cell membranes are occupied with a diffusion of amino acids and monosaccharides. 81. . What is the role of the normal intestinal bacterial flora? a. Metabolizing bile salts, estrogens, and lipids b. Breaking down proteins into amino acids c. Facilitating the motility of the colon d. Metabolizing aldosterone and insulin 42 82. . Which statement is false concerning how abdominal pain is produced? a. Chemical mediators, such as histamine, bradykinin, and serotonin, produce abdominal pain. b. Edema and vascular congestion produce abdominal pain by stretching. c. Ischemia, caused by distention of bowel obstruction or mesenteric vessel thrombosis, produces abdominal pain. d. Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Enterobacteria, and Bacteroides, produce NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ a. Epinephrine and aldosterone c. Epinephrine and norepinephrine b. Norepinephrine and cortisol d. Acetylcholine and cortisol 12 90. . What are tumor cell markers? a. Hormones, enzymes, antigens, and antibodies that are produced by cancer cells b. Receptor sites on tumor cells that can be identified and marked c. Cytokines that are produced against cancer cells d. Identification marks that are used in administering radiation therapy 91. . The function of the tumor cell marker is to: a. Provide a definitive diagnosis of cancer. b. Treat certain types of cancer. c. Predict where cancers will develop. NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ d. Screen individuals at high risk for cancer. 92. . Apoptosis is a(an): a. Normal mechanism for cells to self-destruct when growth is excessive b. Antigrowth signal activated by the tumor-suppressor gene Rb c. Mutation of cell growth stimulated by the TP53 gene d. Transformation of cells from dysplasia to anaplasia 93. . The ras gene converts from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene by: a. Designating a chromosome that has a piece of one chromosome fused to a piece of another chromosome b. Duplicating a small piece of a chromosome, repeatedly making numerous copies c. Altering one or more nucleotide base pairs d. Promoting proliferation of growth signals by impairing tumor-suppressor genes 94. . What is the role of caretaker genes? a. Maintenance of genomic integrity c. Secretion of growth factors b. Proliferation of cancer cells d. Restoration of normal tissue structure 95. NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+ NURS PATHO MIDTERM EXAM Q & As WITH ALL ANSWERS 100% CORRECTLY VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2023 RATED A+