Nursing Exam 1 Review Best Questions And Correct Answers 2024 Graded A+, Exams of Epidemiology

Download Nursing Exam 1 Review Best Questions And Correct Answers 2024 Graded A+ and more Exams Epidemiology in PDF only on Docsity! Question 2 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 3 0.5 / 0.5 pts Nursing Exam 1 Review Best Questions And Correct Answers 2024 Graded A+ Question 1 0.5 / 0.5 pts The third objective of epidemiology is to study the etiological history and diagnosis of diseases. True False The primary purpose of determining the base line natural history of a disease is to allow medical providers to test the effectiveness of new interventions. True False Over the past 100 years, the general pattern of mortality in the United States has been related to a gradual transition from chronic infectious disease to acute illness. True False IncorrectQuestion 5 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 6 0.5 / 0.5 pts IncorrectQuestion 7 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 4 0.5 / 0.5 pts An example of tertiary prevention would be the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) vaccine. True False According to the USPSTF, all women should be encouraged by their primary care provider to perform selfbreast exams. True False Credible sources of information include nature news.com, infowars.com, and democracynow.com. True False Question 3 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 4 0.5 / 0.5 pts False The difference between epidemic and pandemic is the scale of the populations being examined. True False Frequency refers to the occurrence of healthrelated events by time, place and person. True Question 5 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 6 0.5 / 0.5 pts False (frequency: refers not only to the number of health events such as the number of cases of meningitis or diabetes in a population, but also to the relationship of that number to the size of the population. Pattern: Pattern refers to the occurrence of healthrelated events by time, place, and person. The definition of epidemiology was changed to include the terms healthrelated states or events because epidemiologist have more recently started to exam anything that effects the wellbeing of a population. True False When we establish an association between a disease and some exposure we can state with certainty that the exposure causes of the disease. True association does not necessarily mean causation* Question 7 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 8 0.5 / 0.5 pts False Over the past 100 years, improvements in social conditions have greatly contributed to improvements in global health. True False Telling a patient the survival rate for an individual with her particular illness is an example of providing a prognosis. True False Question 4 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 5 0.5 / 0.5 pts True False "Failure of success" implies that as a result of more and more people reaching old age, they will suffer increased complications as a result of such advanced age and a reduced quality of life. True False Chronic diseases account for the majority of healthcare costs in the United states. Question 6 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 7 0.5 / 0.5 pts True False The third goal of chronic disease prevention and control is to alleviate the severity the disease. This is an example of primary prevention. True False Addressing chronic disease prevention is a fairly direct process which is primarily managed by the federal government. True Question 8 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 9 0.5 / 0.5 pts False The US healthcare system spends less money they other developed nations by focusing on prevention and health promotion. True False When added to the prevention continuum, primary prevention is viewed as a treatment to mitigate the severity of a disease. True Question 4 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 5 0.5 / 0.5 pts A challenge for healthcare professionals in developing countries is that they have primarily been trained to deal with chronic illness and thus have struggled in addressing acute diseases. True False Epidemiologic surveillance systems are solely needed to identify emerging diseases and any ancillary benefits are nominal. True False Question 6 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 7 0.5 / 0.5 pts CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System provides detailed data that is sufficient to assess the status of many socioeconomically disadvantaged groups. True False Often, the most important research issue is not the efficacy of the prevention technology itself, but the effectiveness of the application of the intervention to the general population. True False Question 8 0.5 / 0.5 pts Investigators have noted that the gaps between the poorest and richest Americans are less than the disparities in mortality between the races at all levels of income or education. Correct Answer True False In practice, populationbased and highrisk approaches not combined True False Question 9 Question 4 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 3 0.5 / 0.5 pts Although discrete data is quantitative it is often treated as categorical data when one performs statistical analysis. Correct Answer True False An example of nominal data would be weight, age, and sex. True False Question 6 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 5 0.5 / 0.5 pts A scale used for measuring the weight of 1000 individuals in a study of obesity that only goes up to (140 kg) 300 lbs would be an examplecensored data. Correct Answer True False An empirical frequency distribution could be a chart or a graph. Correct Answer True Question 7 0.5 / 0.5 pts Question 8 0.5 / 0.5 pts False A histogram is the best graph for categorical or discrete variables. True False Adding up all the values and dividing this sum by the number of values in the set calculates the arithmetic mean, often simply called the median of a set of values. True • Determining a disease baseline natural history allows health scientist to test the effectiveness of newly developed modes intervention and treatment. • Example: Most people with (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) ALS live 2-5 years after their first signs of disease. About 10% of people with ALS survive at least 10 years. Fourth - To evaluate both existing and newly developed preventive and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery. • To evaluate both existing and newly developed preventative and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery. • Example: Does encouraging universal self-breast examination lead to decreased number of cancer deaths? Fifth - To the provide the foundation for developing public policy relating to environmental problems, genetic issues, and other considerations regarding disease prevention and health promotion. • Example: is the electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell phones adverse to human health? 3. 20th century 10 achievements 1. ❖ Immunizations 2. ❖ Motor-Vehicle Safety 3. ❖ Workplace Safety 4. ❖ Control of Infectious Diseases 5. ❖ Declines in Deaths from Heart Disease and Stroke 6. ❖ Safer and Healthier Foods 7. ❖ Healthier Mothers and Babies 8. ❖ Family Planning 9. ❖ Fluoridation of Drinking Water 10.❖ Tobacco as a Health Hazard 4. Type of Prevention: 1. Primary prevention: • School/classroom wide system for all students, staff, settings • Preventing the initial development of a disease. • Ex: immunization • The Ultimate goal and the role of those working in Health Promotion & Prevention. • ❖ Example: We know that most lung cancers and preventable. If we can stop people from smoking we can eliminate 80 to 90 percent of lung cancer. 2. Secondary Prevention: • Specialized Group • System for Students with High Behavior • Early Detection of existing disease to reduce severity and complications. • Ex: screening for cancer ❖ Involves identifying people in whom a disease process has already begun but who have not yet developed clinical signs and symptoms of the illness ( pre clinical phase of illness). ❖ Once a person develops clinical signs or symptoms it is generally assumed that under ideal conditions the person will seek and obtain medical care. ❖ The objective with secondary prevention is to detect the disease earlier than it would have been detected with usually care. 3. Tertiary Prevention: • Specialized, Individualized • System for students with high risk • Reducing the impact of disease. • Ex : Rehabilitation for stroke ❖ Preventing complications in those who have already developed signs and symptoms of an illness and have been diagnosed. ❖ This usually implies prompt and appropriate treatment of the illness combined with ancillary approaches such as physical therapy that are designed to prevent complications. 4. Population based vs elevated risk approach to prevention: In a populationbased approach, a preventative measure is widely applied to an entire population. For example, prudent dietary advice for preventing heart disease or advice against smoking may be provided to an entire population. In a highrisk approach, may be more expensive and is often more invasive or inconvenient. Populationbased approaches are considered public health approaches, whereas elevated risk approaches our considered those things that require clinical action. Exam questions: • What is the definition of epidemiology? Epidemiology is the study of how disease is distributed in populations and the factors that influence or determine this distribution. Epidemiology as the study of the distribution and determinants of health related states or events in specified populations and the application of this study to control of health problems. • What are the five objectives of epidemiology? First - To identify the etiology or cause of a disease and the relevant risk factors that is, factors that increase a person’s risk for a disease. • Determining the etiology of diseases • What increases or decreases your risk for a particular disease. • The ultimate purpose is reduce or eliminate exposure to factors, we can develop a basis for prevention programs. • Example: Cigarette smoking is the number one risk factor for lung cancer. In the United States, cigarette smoking is linked to about 80% to 90% of lung cancers. Using other tobacco products such as cigars or pipes also increases the risk for lung cancer. Second - To determine the extent of disease found in thecommunity. • To determine the extent of the disease in the community. • What is the burden of the disease? • This question is critical for planning health services and facilities and for training future health care providers. • Example: More than one-third (36.5%) of U.S. adults have obesity. • Example: “The medical care costs of obesity in the United States are high. In 2008 dollars, these costs were estimated to be $147 billion.’’ Third - To study the natural history and prognosis of disease. • Determining a disease baseline natural history allows health scientist to test the effectiveness of newly developed modes intervention and treatment. • Example: Most people with (Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) ALS live 2-5 years after their first signs of disease. About 10% of people with ALS survive at least 10 years. Fourth - To evaluate both existing and newly developed preventive and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery.• To evaluate both existing and newly developed preventative and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery. • Example: Does encouraging universal self-breast examination lead to decreased number of cancer deaths? Fifth - To the provide the foundation for developing public policy relating to environmental problems, genetic issues, and other considerations regarding disease prevention and health promotion. • Example: is the electromagnetic radiation emitted by cell phones adverse to human health? • How do the 10 greatest accomplishments in public health relate to epidemiology? 1. ❖ Immunizations 2. Motor-Vehicle Safety 3. Workplace Safety prevention and health promotion). 18. Health promotion: • Who: entire population. Purpose: prevents risk factors lower average population risk. Primary prevention: • Who: one of more risk factors. Purpose: Prevent development of disease. • Ex: telephone counseling that support smocking cessations. Secondary: • Who: Limited disease. Purpose: prevent disease progression or recurrence. • Screening for cervical breast cancer Tertiary: • symptomatic or advance disease pt. purpose: to reduce complications/disability • eye examination for someone with diabetes can detect retinopathy early when this condition can be promply treated, preventing progression to blindness. 19.When health promotion is added to the prevention continuum, we then view primary prevention as a method that reduces disease incidence by identifying persons with risk factors and intervening more intensively in order to prevent the onset of disease 20.Government health agencies fund and conduct health education and research, develop policies, establish standards, provide financing for medical care, deliver medical services to the poor, and monitor the health status of the population • Voluntary health agencies fund research, provide public and professional education, stimulate social and legislative changes, and create visibility for prevention and treatment through their large cadre of volunteers. • The medical care sector delivers services, provides preventive medicine through primary care, and provides feedback mechanism for the various entities involved. 21. 20/20 mission: • identify improvement natonwide • increase awareness • provide measurable objective • engage sectors • identify critical research and data collection needs. Overarching goals: • Attain high quality, longer life • Achieve health equity • Create social and physical enviroments • Promote quality of life 22.80% spent for chronic disease in usa. 23.The focus on financing has continued to drive incentives for private health care providers to avoid covering socioeconomically disadvantaged and highrisk populations. 24.cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes – caused 60% of all the deaths worldwide. more than 80% of these deaths occurred in low income and middleincome countries. 25.current medical and public health workforce in developing countries is not only inadequate in terms of the quantity of professionals, but has also been primarily trained to address acute health problems. 26.Epidemiologic surveillance: is the ongoing and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data in the process of describing and monitoring a health event. An epidemiologic surveillance system for monitoring trends in chronic diseases is an essential part of chronic disease control. Keys: • To identify groups of people who are at risk of developing chronic disease or who experience fewer benefits from interventions • To measure the effect of program interventions • To identify newly emerging chronic diseases. 27. Reliable and geographically specific data on the burden from many selfreported chronic diseases and risk factors are available for every state and nearly 200 communities in the United States through the CDC Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. • This statebased, but federally coordinated system provides information on selfreported chronic disease and healthrelated quality of life measures that enrich the understanding between risk factors and non fatal health outcomes. 28.Although mortality data are a major source of information for measuring the impact of chronic diseases, measures of morbidity and quality of life are more relevant for estimating the total burden from chronic diseases. 29. Data monitoring approaches for morbidity and mortality: ❖ Qualityadjusted life year (QALY): which is often used in cost- effectiveness analyses ❖ Disability adjusted lifeyear (DALY) The DALY was initially presented in the World Development Report, which was issued by the World Bank in 1 993, and has subsequently been regularly used by the World Health Organization (WHO) to assess distributions and determinants of population health and the performance of health systems across the world. • Both of these measures express disability as a proportion of healthy life years based on the severity and duration of nonfatal health conditions. A detailed analysis using the DALY in the United States found that 50% of the burden of disease arises from the disabilities associated with predominantly nonfatal conditions (e.g., arthritis) and that 75% of this disability burden results from chronic diseases 30. Public health professionals should continue to move from developing the scientific base of prevention to implementing and evaluating public health programs for the control of chronic diseases. rectangle corresponds to the median value. 62.bimodal (two peaks) or uniform (each value is equally likely and there are no peaks). 63.When the distribution is unimodal, the main aim is to see where the majority of the data values lie, relative to the maximum and minimum values 64.The average is a general term for a measure of location; it describes a typical measurement’ 65.Mean: add all divide by the number added. 66.Medium: arrange all smallest to large. Then pick the middle,. If two middle add both divide by 2. 67.Mode: one that appears the most. 68.Geometric mean: is the mean of the log data 69.Arithmetic mean Is a measure of location for the transformed data, but is an inappropriate summary measure of locaition if our data are skewed. If to the right=more symmetrical. 70.We use a weighted mean when certain values of the variable of interest, x, are more important than others. 1. Describe the components of the definition of epidemiology as given by the Centers for Disease Control. • Epidemiology is a quantitative discipline that relies on a working knowledge of probability, statistics, and sound research methods. • Second, epidemiology is a method of causal reasoning based on developing and testing hypotheses grounded in such scientific fields as biology, behavioral sciences, physics, and ergonomics to explain healthrelated behaviors, states, and events. • “Epidemiology is not just a research activity but an integral component of public health, providing the foundation for directing practical and appropriate public health action based on this science and causal reasoning. 2. How does epidemiology shape clinical practice, prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment ❖ Epidemiology is critical not only to public health but also to clinical practices. The practice of medicine is dependent on population data. ❖ Both the process for diagnosis and prognosis are population based 3. What is the initial step of the Epidemiological Approach? What does it rely on usually? • The first step is to determine whether an association exists between exposure to a factor ( e.g. an environmental agent) or a characteristic of a person (e.g. an increased serum cholesterol level) and the development of the disease • The second step is to attempt deriving appropriate inferences about a possible causal relationship from the patterns of the association that have been found. • *Important: association does not necessarily mean causation* 4. Define endemic, epidemic, and pandemic and provide examples of each. • Endemic: is defined as the habitual presence of a disease within a given geographic area. It may also refer to a usual occurrence of a given disease within such an area. (malaria) • Epidemic: in excess of normal 1 case or more. Is the occurrence in a community of region of a group of illness of similar nature, clearly excess of normal expectancy, and derived from common or from a propagated sources. (rabies, chickenpox). • Pandemic: is worldwide epidemic (HIV) 5. Describe 3 instance in which observational data was used to improve public health without knowing the pathology of a disease. Chicken pox, cholera, childbed fever 6. Explain the rationale for treatment and wellness recommendations that exist without a clear understanding of pathology. Immunization Lecture 3 1. Define chronic disease. List 5 examples of chronic diseases and provide 3 risk factors for each. • Chronic diseases have been referred to as chronic illnesses, noncommunicable diseases, and degenerative diseases. They are generally characterized by uncertain etiology, multiple risk factors, a long latency period, a prolonged course of illness, noncontagious origin, functional impairment or disability, and incurability. • A disease that persists for a long time. A chronic disease is one lasting 3 months or more • Chronic diseases and conditions—such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and arthritis—are among the most common, costly, and preventable of all health problems. • Chronic diseases are responsible for 7 of 10 deaths each year, and treating people with chronic diseases accounts for most of our nation’s health care costs. 2. How has health care spending changed over the past halfcentury in the US? What is the main driver of healthcare cost in the US? • ❖ U.S. health care expenditures have steadily increased as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) over the last half century, increasing from 5.0 percent of GDP in 1960 to 17.4 percent in 2013. • ❖By the beginning of the new century the uncontrolled growth in the cost of medical care in the United States resumed and now consumes greater than 1 5% of all goods and services purchased—by far the largest proportion of any economy in the developed world • Decreased productivity includes costs associated with people being absent from work, being less productive while at work, or not being able to work at all because of diabetes. 3. What are the 4 goals of chronic disease prevention and control? What are the implications of all three models of aging derived from Fear? are the two typs of categorical data? What are the two typs of numerical data? Provided one example of each type of data. 3. Provided and example of other typs of drivied data such as ratios, quotients, rates, and scores. 4. What type of graph are used to visually depict discrete/categorical data? Continuous data? Why wouldn’t it be appropriate to used a histrogram in depicting a discrete variable? 5. Define the difference terms for average, mean median, mode, geometric mean, and weighted mean. 6. How do you calculate variance? How do you calculate standard deviation?