nutrition_101.docx nutrition_101.docx/, Exams of Nutrition

Download nutrition_101.docx nutrition_101.docx/ and more Exams Nutrition in PDF only on Docsity! Nutrition 101 (Exam 4) How many calories are in 1lb of fat? - 3500 calories How does the body regulate food intake? - Through hunger (+physical) Through appetite (+psychological) What is BMR? - Baseline Metabolism What does the Baseline do? - We stay at the baseline to stay alive What % of Baseline keeps us alive? - 50-65% Lean tissue = - amount of energy expelled What hormone decreases metabolism? - Thyroxine What is the % average in which we expel energy through physical activity? - 25-50% What is Feasting? - Eating more calories than your body expels Process of Carb Breakdown - Carbs-> Glucose-> Glycogen-> Stored Process of Fat Breakdown - Fat-> Fatty Acids-> Stored as Body Fat Process of Protein Breakdown - Protein-> Amino Acids-> Nitrogen lost in urine What is Fasting? - Not consuming calories What stage of Fasting is harmless? - Early stage (*energy available) What stage of Fasting is dangerous? - Late stage (*using lean tissue for energy) Fasting (Early Stage Breakdown) - Glycogen-> Glucose-> Energy Fat-> Fatty Acids-> Energy Fasting (Late Stage Breakdown) - Lean Tissue-> Amino Acids-> Energy Fat-> Fatty Acids-> Energy Ketones - By product of the body using fat for energy What are ways to measure Body Fat %? - Flat-fold Measures (Skin-fold tools...) DEXA Bioelectrical Impedence What is the average B.F. for Men? - 18-21% What is the average B.F. for Women? - 23-26% Minimum Waist circumference for measuring Obesity in Men - >40" Minimum Waist circumference for measuring Obesity in Women - >35" What are risks of Obesity? - Diabetes Heart Disease High Blood Pressure Cancer How many extra calories does a woman need in the 2nd Trimester? - 340+ extra calories How many extra calories does a woman need in the 3rd Trimester? - 450+ extra calories What vitamins/minerals does a woman need during pregnancy? - Folate Iron Calcium What may happen if a woman drinks alcohol while pregnant? - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) What may happen if a woman drinks caffeine while pregnant? - Permanent brain damage to the baby What is PICA? - Persistant Desire to eat Non-Food Items What causes PICA? - Usually due to deficiency in trace minerals Chewing ice (iron deficiency) What is Pre-Eclampsia? - Hypertension (High Blood Pressure) Mostly likely found in 1st time pregnant women How many extra calories should you eat for 1 baby? - 330 extra calories What is an advantage to Breastfeeding? - Anti-infectious agents What is the Lactation Process like? - 1) Colostrum (Antibody Rich) 2) Production and Delivery -infant causes it by sucking What Hormones are caused by the Lactation Process? - Prolactin (Milk production, made here) Oxytocin (Contraction, delivered here) How much extra protein do you need to feed an infant? - 25+ grams/day What to avoid when bottle feeding? - 1) Do not prop bottle 2) Nursing bottle syndrome -rapid decay of infant teeth 3) No solids in bottle 4) No sugar At what age should you start adding Solid foods for babies? - Around 4 months (when voluntary swallowing happens) What should you do to incorporate new food? - Add 1 food at a time (this is to catch allergies) What food should you not give to an infant? - Honey What foods do infants desire? - Sweet foods What foods do infants not desire? - Salty foods What do babies have more of compared to adults/elderly? - Taste buds At 4-6 months, babies should... - Start eating iron fortified cereals Pureed *vegetables/fruit *Meats/legumes At 6-8 months, babies should... - Eat textured vegetables/fruits Unsweetened juice (from cup) At 8-10 months, babies should... - Have breads/cereals Processed dairy Soft pieces of vegetables/fruits Finely cup of meats/fish/legumes/cheese/dairy At 10-12 months, babies should... - Have varieties of food -increased portions -switch to regular milk after 12 months Children often prefer... - Raw/crunchy textured foods Mild tastes Little or no sauces Separate foods What is Neophobia? - The fear of new foods Teens nutrition needs... - Iron (both male and female) Calcium Vitamin D Elderly age starts around... - 70s and older What physical changes do Elderly people experience? - Wrinkles Digestive Problems -mouth (50% fewer taste buds) -decrease in appetite