Nutrition Exam 1 Practice Questions, Exams of Nutrition

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Nutrition Exam 1 Practice Questions What is nutrition? - The science that encompasses everything about food What three chronic diseases is nutrition strongly associated with? - heart disease, stroke, and diabetes Nutrition has shown to play a minor role in what two diseases? - some cancers and osteoporosis What is pellagra? - is caused by a deficiency of niacin and can directly lead to nutritional deficiency or toxicity What are chemicals found in food that are critical to human growth and function? - nutrients Which two nutrients are considered to be "inorganic"? - water and minerals What nutrients are macronutrients? - carbohydrates, proteins, and fats Which two nutrients are usually the primary fuel sources for the body? - carbohydrates and fats What is one major difference between vitamins and minerals? - minerals maintain their structure no matter what environment they are in DRIS define - recommended intake values of various nutrients for healthy people What is one difference between the EAR and the RDA? - The EAR represents intake levels for just half the healthy individuals of a particular gender and age group What value is based on observations or experiments involving healthy people and is used when an RDA cannot be determined? - AI What is the EER? - It is the average dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in a healthy individual Define AMDR - the AMDR defines a range of macronutrient intakes associated with reduced risk of chronic disease The standardized method used by researchers when looking at evidence is called... - the scientific method The first step in the scientific method is... - observation What is the correct order of the scientific method? - observation, hypothesis, experimental design Observational studies inform us of... - existing relationships What is key when evaluating a company's website? - -what are the credentials of the people providing information on the website? -what was the website developed? -what is the message being highlighted on the site? What two organizations are considered reputable government sources of information about nutrition? - CDC and NIH The largest organization of food and nutrition professionals in the world is... - The Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics What is a nutrition "quackery"? - is the promotion of an unproven remedy, usually by someone unlicensed and untrained, for financial gain What are the four characteristics of a healthful diet? - moderate, adequate, balanced, nutrient-dense What is an adequate diet? - the energy, nutrient, and fiber adequacy to maintain health What does variety refer to? - eating a lot of different foods from many different food groups to optimize nutrients Food preferences are influenced by what? - sensory data, learned factors, and cultural and family influences What agency first established regulations for including nutrition information on food labels? - U.S. food and drug administration What makes up the five components that are mandated on food labels? - 1) statement of identity 2) net contents of the package 3) name and address of food manufacturer or distributor 4) nutrition information Glycogen is.... - the storage form of glucose for animals and humans The Food and Nutrition Board of Medicine has recently proposed three distinctions for defining fiber, what are they? - 1) dietary fiber 2) functional fiber 3) total fiber CHOs are used primarily for... - energy for daily activities and exercise CHO digestion begins in the mouth with... - salivary amylase Ketoacidosis can result from what? - prolonged low CHO intake The body can make its own glucose from protein through a process known as... - gluconeogenesis The liver converts all monosaccharides into... - glucose The AMDR for CHOs is... - 45-65% The most common source of added sugars in the U.S. diet is... - sweetened soft drinks The RDA for CHO is based on how much glucose is utilized by... - the brain What two hormones assist the body in maintaining blood sugar levels? - Insulin and Glucagon Insulin is secreted by... - the beta cells of the pancreas What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes? - With type 1 diabetes you don't produce enough insulin; with type 2 you are resistant to insulin What can affect how quickly the body absorbs CHOs? - the type of CHO, food preparation, fat, and fiber content What is the glycemic index? - a numeric value that indicates the potential of foods to increase blood glucose levels The amount of CHO a food contains multiplied by the glycemic index of that food is called the.... - glycemic load Proteins are... - large complex molecules found in the cells of all living things What is one key difference between proteins and the other macronutrients? - protein structure is determined by DNA What is unique about an essential amino acid? - it must be obtained from the diet to meet physiological needs A peptide bond is when - two amino acids join together What are the functions of proteins? - cell growth, repair, and maintenance fluid balance acting as enzymes and hormones During digestion where are proteins broken apart by hydrochloric acid? - stomach What are the enzymes that digest proteins in the small intestine? - proteases The RDA for protein for sedentary people is... - 0.8 gram per kg body weight A high protein intake can be harmful because it can increase the risk of.... - heart disease A specialized procedure referred to as _____________ is used to determine a person's protein needs. - nitrogen balance What is a semivegetarian? - typically excludes or limits red meat What is the main nutritional concern associated with a vegan diet? - the possibility of calcium, iron, zinc, B12, and vitamin D deficiencies Vegans need to consume ____________ from fortified foods or supplements because it is found naturally only in animal foods. - Vitamin B12 A balanced vegetarian diet may reduce the risks of what disease? - heart disease, digestion issues, and some cancers During protein synthesis, what is the term given to the amino acid in least supply? - limiting amino acid Fats belong to a larger group of substances called _____________________. - lipids What unique features distinguishes lipids from other substances? - They are insoluble in water Chain length refers to... - the number of carbons in a fatty acid chain What does trans imply? - the hydrogen atoms are attached on diagonally opposite sides of the double carbon bond Why do we need fat? - it's a primary source of fat it makes our food taste good it provides protection to internal organs Dietary fat enables the transport of what? - vitamins Diets high in what types of fats can lead to heart disease? - saturated and trans fats ______________ strongly stimulates the breakdown of stored fat. - Adrenaline Fats help maintain cell function. What type of lipid is a critical part of every cell membrane? - phospholipid What is the key storage organ that assists in fat digestion? - gallbladder Because fats/lipids are not soluble in water, they require what type of carrier to travel in blood and lymph? - a lipoprotein What is the primary storage site of extra energy for the average person? - adipose cell The lipoprotein that transports fat from a meal is called a ______________________. - chylomicron The AMDR for fat is ________. - 20-35%