Nutrition Final Exam Study Guide, Exams of Nutrition

Download Nutrition Final Exam Study Guide and more Exams Nutrition in PDF only on Docsity! Nutrition Final Exam Study Guide The mouth accomplishes all of the following EXCEPT: Mastication of large food substances. Breaks apart fiber to release nutrients in some foods. Release of salivary amylase to break down long sugar chains into shorter ones. - All of these are correct. Which portion of the GI tract ensures that you do not literally "inhale" your food? - Epiglottis What are protein molecules that accelerate the rate of chemical reactions. - Enzymes After water-soluble nutrients are absorbed in the intestine, they are carried to the ___________ via the ___________. - Liver; Hepatic portal vein Chewing is an important digestive function because it improves the functionality of: - Enzymes Formation of Chyme occurs in which part of the GI tract? - Stomach Coordinated muscular contractions that move food through the GI tract are called: - Peristalsis The stomach secrets gastric juices to break down food. Gastric juice consists of all the following EXCEPT: - Bile acids The ______________ layers of stomach muscle function to mix and churn stomach contents. - three layers Once stomach digestion is complete, the substance that empties into the small intestine is called: - Chyme Which of the following organs is responsible for producing bile? - Liver Muscular contractions of the small intestine that pushes digested food against the intestinal wall, promoting absorption, is called: - Segmentation The first 12 inches of small intestine is called the: - Duodenum the next 8 feet of the small intestine is called the: - Jejunum The final 11 feet of the small intestine is called the: - Ileum Absorption in the small intestine is performed by: - The villi and microvilli It takes roughly __________ hours for chyme to move through the small intestine. - 3 to 5 total transit time can take anywhere from __________________ hours or more. - 24 to 72 After passing through the mucus membrane of the small intestine, water-soluble nutrients will enter: - Capillaries The breakdown of dietary carbohydrates releases _________ kcals of energy per gram. - 4 Which of the following is NOT a monosaccharide? - Maltose Sucrose, or table sugar, consists of what 2 monosaccharides? - Glucose and Fructose The storage form of glucose in animals is: - Glycogen The storage form of glucose in plants is called: - Starch The AMDR for carbohydrate intake for a healthy diet has been set at ________ of the total energy required. - 45-65% Which hormone is important for the uptake of glucose from the blood stream? - Insulin Which organ(s) provide(s) enzymes required for the digestion of polysaccharides? - Pancreas The __________________________ reflects a ranking of how specific foods affect blood glucose as compared to the response of a reference food. - Glycemic Index Dietary fiber can help reduce blood cholesterol levels by: - When the body is in a state of low energy, some amino acids can be converted into glucose in the Liver from a process called: - Gluconeogenesis Obtaining protein from plant foods may be advantageous because plant foods: - All these statements are correct Water serves all the following functions EXCEPT: - Useful source of energy Water that is found outside of a cell is called: - Extracellular fluid Water that is found in between cells is called: - Interstitial fluid Which kind of fluid represents 2/3rds of all body water? - Intracellular fluid Our body loses fluid from all of these EXCEPT: - All of these are true Which organ is responsible for the retention or release of water and electrolytes? - Kidneys Nerve conduction and muscle contraction depends on which minerals? - Sodium and Potassium When a nerve cell depolarizes, all of the following occur EXCEPT: - t causes a muscle contraction Of the following, the tissue with the lowest water content is: - fat A reaction that breaks large molecules into smaller ones by the addition of water is called a(n): - Hydrolysis reaction A reaction that combines smaller molecules into larger ones by the removal of water is called a(n): - Dehydration reaction Water is able to easily permeate through cell membranes because of: - Osmosis Approximately what percentage of the adult human body is water? - 60% Which term describes how well a micronutrient is absorbed and used in the body? - Bioavailability Many B vitamins function as ____________, which bind to enzymes and promote their activity. - Coenzymes Meeting vitamin B12 needs from the diet is especially difficult for: - Vegans Which of the following is NOT recognized as a major function of vitamin C in the body? - Facilitating release of energy from glucose. Which physiologic process requires vitamin B12? - Maintenance of myelin and normal nerve transmission The role of folate in DNA synthesis makes it particularly important in: - Rapidly dividing cells Which is the best source of vitamin C? - Strawberries The process of adding nutrients to foods is called: - Fortification Riboflavin forms active coenzymes that do all of the following EXCEPT: - Relay signals between nerve cells. Fat soluble vitamins require __________ and _____________ for absorption into the intestinal cells - Bile and dietary fat Fat soluble vitamins are transported from the intestines into the lymphatic system via: - Chylomicrons Reduced consumption of fruits and vegetables tends to decrease intake of all the following fat-soluble vitamins EXCEPT: - Vitamin D The carotenoid with the most vitamin A activity is__________________. - Beta-carotene Since vitamin A and carotenoids are bound to proteins in foods, _____________ is necessary to release them for absorption. - Pepsin is a visual pigment that helps transform light energy into a nerve impulse sent to the brain. - Rhodopsin Which fat-soluble vitamin can be synthesized by intestinal bacteria? - Vitamin K Once in the Liver, vitamin E is incorporated into _______________ and form there delivered to cells. - VLDL's Vitamin K is required to produce prothrombin, which is needed for: - Blood clotting Which form of vitamin A has antioxidant properties? - Carotenoids The primary function of vitamin D in the body is to: - Regulate calcium and phosphorus levels. Which statement about vitamin D toxicity is FALSE? - It is likely to be caused by too much sunlight The following minerals all compete for absorption EXCEPT: - Sodium Which statement describes the relationship of bone calcium to blood calcium? - If dietary calcium is low, bone calcium is sacrificed to maintain blood calcium. As calcium intake increases: - The percentage absorbed declines. Whether an element is classified as a major or trace mineral is determined by: - The amounts needed daily by the body. Which of the following compounds has NOT been found to interfere with mineral absorption? - Ascorbic Acid Phosphorus is essential for energy production since it is a part of: - ATP Trace minerals are difficult to study in humans because: - Some of them are required in such small amounts that environmental contamination can obscure experimental results. Iron is a component of the protein ________________ that binds and transports oxygen in the bloodstream. - Hemoglobin Which of the following is NOT a good sources of heme iron? - Spinach Which of the following is TRUE about iron loss? - Most loss of iron from the body is associated with blood loss. When the intake of ____________ is high, copper absorption into the blood is inhibited. - Zinc Fluoride has been shown to be most effective in preventing: -