Nutrition Midterm Study Guide for HUN1201 IRSC, Exams of Metabolic Nutrition

Download Nutrition Midterm Study Guide for HUN1201 IRSC and more Exams Metabolic Nutrition in PDF only on Docsity! Nutrition Midterm HUN1201 IRSC | 50 Questions with 100% Answers | Updated 2024 Differentiate among the RDA the AI the UL and the EAR. - ANSWER The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) serves as an intake goal that meets the requirement of most healthy people of a given age and gender; RDAs have been set for carbohydrates protein essential fatty acids and most vitamins and minerals. The Adequate Intake (AI) provides a suggested daily intake of a nutrient to meet body needs and support health when there is insufficient research to develop an RDA. The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest amount of a nutrient that can be consumed safely with no risk of toxicity or adverse effects. The UL is used to evaluate the safety of supplements. The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the average daily intake of a nutrient that will meet the requirement of 50% of healthy people of a given age and gender. The EAR is used to evaluate the nutrient intakes of groups rather than individuals These are the building blocks for making and repairing body tissues. - ANSWER Amino acids What chemicals found in fruits and vegetables appear to have cancer-fighting properties - ANSWER Phytochemicals What is nutrigenetics? - ANSWER Nutrigenetics through human gene mapping helps scientists learn how slight variations in our genetic code affect our nutrient needs and susceptibility to particular diseases. What is homeostasis? - ANSWER Homeostasis is a state of dynamic equilibrium within the body's internal environment—a balance achieved through the control of various interrelated physiologic mechanisms. What are the functions of macronutrients? - ANSWER The macronutrients— carbohydrates fats and protein—supply energy and build tissue. What are the three general functions of nutrients? - ANSWER To provide energy To build and repair body tissues and structures To regulate the metabolic processes that maintain homeostasis and support life Which groups of people are particularly vulnerable to foodborne illness? - ANSWER Older adults children (especially under the age of 5) pregnant women and patients with compromised immune function (e.g. due to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome [AIDS] or cancer) Name the four secretions that chemically digest food. - ANSWER Enzymes Hydrochloric acid and buffer ions Mucus Water and electrolytes What are foods broken down into through digestion? - ANSWER Glucose (from carbohydrates) amino acids (from proteins) and fatty acids (from fats) Nutrition Midterm HUN1201 IRSC | 50 Questions with 100% Answers | Updated 2024 What are prebiotics? - ANSWER Prebiotics are indigestible carbohydrates mostly polysaccharides that promote the growth of favorable microbes: lactobacilli and bifidobacteria. What are the four main functions of the GI tract? - ANSWER Receives food Releases nutrients from food Delivers nutrients into bloodstream Excretes nondigestible waste What are the three functions of saliva? - ANSWER Aid in digestion Moisten the food particles so they bind together to form a bolus that moves easily down the esophagus Lubricate and cleanse the teeth and tissues of the mouth What does insulin do? - ANSWER Insulin is a hormone that lowers blood glucose. It does this by stimulating glycogenesis and lipogenesis and by increasing cell permeability. What has a tremendously large surface area to capture and absorb nutrients? - ANSWER The small intestine. The mucosa villi and microvilli together increase the inner surface area of the small intestine about 1000 times over that of the outside serosa. What influences the rate of stomach emptying? - ANSWER The caloric density of a meal along with its volume and composition influence the rate of stomach emptying. What is GERD? - ANSWER Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or "heartburn" is the reflux of the acidic stomach contents back into the esophagus. What is peristalsis? - ANSWER Rhythmic sweeping waves along the digestive tract that push the food mass forward What prevents food from moving backward in the GI tract? - ANSWER Muscle sphincters—pyloric ileocecal and anal—act as valves to prevent reflux or backflow and keep the food mass moving in a forward direction. What regulates the rate and intensity of muscle contractions controls the speed at which the food mass moves along the tract and coordinates the digestive process including the secretion of enzymes and digestive juices? - ANSWER An interrelated network of nerves within the gastrointestinal wall called the intramural nerve plexus Where does digestion begin? - ANSWER In the mouth How far do you have to walk to burn 100 kcal? - ANSWER About 1 mile In the past 40 years patterns of food consumption have changed dramatically. Name three changes. - ANSWER Increased size of food packages and restaurant portions increased portion sizes in general rising consumption of high-fructose corn syrup Nutrition Midterm HUN1201 IRSC | 50 Questions with 100% Answers | Updated 2024 What role does fat play in our bodies? - ANSWER Fat in our bodies serves as a storage form of energy as thermal insulation to protect vital organs in transmission of nerve impulses in formation of membrane structure and as a carrier of fat-soluble materials. What role does fat play in our diet? - ANSWER Fats provide energy supply essential fatty acids support absorption of the fat-soluble vitamins add to food palatability and promote satiety. How does the body deal with excess protein supplied by the diet? - ANSWER Amino acids are broken down and used for energy or stored as fat. How many calories per gram do proteins yield? - ANSWER4 calories per gram Name two hormones that are proteins. - ANSWER Insulin and thyroxin Protein balance refers to what? - ANSWER Protein balance refers to the steady state between protein synthesis (anabolism) and protein breakdown (catabolism). What are indispensable amino acids? - ANSWER Indispensable (essential) amino acids are amino acids that cannot be synthesized by the body and must be supplied by food. Of the 20 amino acids used to build body proteins nine are essential. What are the physiologic roles of amino acids in our bodies? - ANSWER All amino acids participate in tissue growth and maintenance. Some also have metabolic roles such as forming neurotransmitters for brain and nerve function forming other amino acids forming hormones supporting immune function and maintaining fluid balance. What is an incomplete protein? - ANSWERAn incomplete protein either supplies less than the required amount of one or more indispensable (essential) amino acids or is missing an indispensable amino acid. Incomplete proteins are mostly plant proteins. What is the amino acid score based on? - ANSWER Protein digestibility and amino acid composition What is the fibrous protein found in muscle called? - ANSWER Myosin What plasma protein is a carrier protein for drugs hormones enzymes and trace elements? - ANSWER Albumin If ingested in excess which fat-soluble vitamins may cause toxicity? - ANSWER Vitamins A and D In what clinical conditions is vitamin C especially important? - ANSWER Wound healing fever and infection growth stress and body response and chronic disease prevention Nutrition Midterm HUN1201 IRSC | 50 Questions with 100% Answers | Updated 2024 Name the four fat-soluble vitamins. - ANSWER Vitamins A D E and K Name the water-soluble vitamins. - ANSWER Vitamin C and the B-complex family: thiamin riboflavin niacin pantothenic acid biotin vitamin B6 (pyridoxine) folate and vitamin B12 (cobalamin) This vitamin plays an important role in growth reproduction and immunity. - ANSWER Vitamin A This vitamin also referred to as the sunshine vitamin is associated with calcium and phosphorus absorption and development of bone mass. - ANSWER Vitamin D The nerves affected by a deficiency of this vitamin are (1) the spinal cord fibers that control physical movement and (2) the retina of the eye. - ANSWER Vitamin E also called tocopherol What group of phytochemicals is found in yellow and orange vegetables and fruits and is converted to vitamin A in the body? - ANSWER Carotenoids What are the functional roles of vitamin K? - ANSWER Blood clotting bone metabolism Which vitamins have important metabolic roles as coenzyme partners with cell enzymes that control energy metabolism and build tissues? - ANSWERB vitamins A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland and is caused by a deficiency of what trace mineral? - ANSWER Iodine Drinking orange juice with a vitamin and mineral supplement will increase the absorption of what trace mineral? - ANSWER Iron Name the seven major minerals. - ANSWER Calcium phosphorus sodium potassium magnesium chloride and sulfur The rate of absorption of this major mineral is strongly influenced by physiologic conditions over the life cycle including growth pregnancy lactation and older age. - ANSWER Calcium These two major minerals play a role in water balance acid-base balance and muscle action. - ANSWER Sodium and potassium What are the three hormones that work together to maintain calcium balance? - ANSWER Parathyroid hormone (PTH) the vitamin D hormone calcitriol and the hormone calcitonin Nutrition Midterm HUN1201 IRSC | 50 Questions with 100% Answers | Updated 2024 What major mineral plays a key role in regulating neuromuscular stimulation transmission of electrochemical impulses and contraction of muscle fibers including the heart muscle - ANSWER Potassium What trace mineral is particularly important in growth periods such as pregnancy and lactation infancy and childhood and adolescence? - ANSWER Zinc is necessary for tissue growth to progress at normal rates. Which major minerals play a role in metabolic activities in the body including control over body water energy supply and rate of metabolism? - ANSWER Ionized sodium and potassium exercise control over body water. Iodine is a necessary constituent of the thyroid hormones that set the rate of metabolism in the cells. Iron is a coenzyme in the mitochondrial oxidase system that supplies the body with energy. As phosphate phosphorus works with proteins lipids and carbohydrates to produce energy. Which major minerals play a role in structural activities in the body including giving strength to the bones and carrying oxygen to the tissues? - ANSWER Calcium and phosphorus give strength to the bones and body frame. Iron provides the core for the heme in hemoglobin that carries oxygen to the tissues. Body mass index (BMI) is believed to provide a better assessment of body fat than simple height-weight tables. How is BMI calculated? - ANSWER Chemical bonds control energy release in the human body. What are the three types of chemical bonds? How can adults help prevent eating disorders in adolescents? - ANSWER By presenting realistic norms for appropriate body image by increasing self-esteem by providing healthy guidelines for food intake and by encouraging athletes to focus on health rather than weight Name the four forms of energy used by our bodies and how our bodies use them. - ANSWER Chemical electrical mechanical and thermal Chemical energy is used to store energy until use. Electrical energy is used to transmit nerve impulses and carry out brain activities. Mechanical energy is used to contract muscles. Thermal energy is used to regulate body temperature. Name the three forms of eating disorders that have clear diagnostic criteria. - ANSWER Anorexia nervosa (AN) bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge-eating disorder One pound of body weight equals how many calories? - ANSWER3500 What are some of the long-term consequences of continual weight gain over time? - ANSWER Increased risk of type 2 diabetes high blood pressure cardiovascular disease metabolic disease gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) obstructive sleep apnea osteoarthritis pulmonary disease and certain cancers