Understanding Nutrients: Water, Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Vitamins, Slides of Physiology

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Nutrition Docsity.com  • Obesity • Heart disease & Arteriolosclerosis • Diabetes • Genetically modified foods • Artificial sweeteners • Diets Nutrition Docsity.com Healthy Diets Require • Macronutrients – Water – Amino Acids and Proteins – Lipids – Carbohydrates • Micronutrients – Vitamins (B, C, A, D, E, K) – Minerals (Fe, Ca, P, Na, K) Six categories of nutrients: Docsity.com Water • Solvent in which the chemistry of life occurs – cell chemistry occurs in an aqueous medium – water carries essential nutrients to cells – water carries metabolic wastes away from cells – hydrolysis & dehydration reaction – stabilizes body temp Docsity.com Carbohydrates • Energy Metabolism – Glucose is the fuel used by cells to make ATP • Neurons and RBCs rely almost entirely upon glucose • Excess glucose is converted to glycogen or fat and stored Docsity.com Carbohydrates • Dietary Fiber – water-insoluble fiber adds bulk to fecal matter facilitating its passage through and elimination from the digestive system – water-soluble fiber may absorb dietary cholesterol, reducing its absorption by the digestion tract Docsity.com Lipids • Dietary sources – Triglycerides • Saturated fats in meat, dairy foods, and tropical oils • Unsaturated fats in seeds, nuts, olive oil, and most vegetable oils – Cholesterol in egg yolk, meats, organ meats, shellfish, and milk products Docsity.com Lipids • Essential fatty acids – Linoleic and linolenic acid, found in most vegetable oils – Must be ingested Docsity.com Lipids • Regulatory functions of prostaglandins – Smooth muscle contraction – Control of blood pressure – Inflammation • Functions of cholesterol – Stabilizes membranes – Precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones Docsity.com Lipids • Dietary requirements suggested by the American Heart Association – Fats should represent 30% or less of total caloric intake – Saturated fats should be limited to 10% or less of total fat intake – Daily cholesterol intake should be no more than 300 mg Docsity.com • Cholesterol: <175 mg/dl • Triglycerides: blood fats, 30-175 mg/dl • HDL: Good cholesterol, > 35 mg/dl • LDL: Bad Cholesterol, <130 mg/dl • Chol/HDL ratio: < 4.5 indicates heart disease Your Cholesterol Level Docsity.com Essential Amino Acids • Tryptophan • Methionine • Valine • Threonine • Phenylalanine • Leucine • Isoleucine • Lysine • Arginine • Histidine (infants) Docsity.com Proteins • Dietary sources – Eggs, milk, fish, and most meats contain complete proteins – Legumes, nuts, and cereals contain incomplete proteins (lack some essential amino acids) – Legumes and cereals together contain all essential amino acids Docsity.com Proteins • Uses – Structural materials: keratin, collagen, elastin, muscle proteins – Most functional molecules: enzymes, some hormones Docsity.com Proteins 4. Hormonal controls • Anabolic hormones (GH, sex hormones) accelerate protein synthesis Docsity.com Complete Proteins Versus Incomplete Proteins Docsity.com • Vegetarian diet may result in protein deficiency • Need essential amino acids – beans → lysine & isoleucine – corn → tryptophan & methionine Docsity.com Water-Soluble Vitamins Versus Water-Insoluble Vitamins Docsity.com Water-Soluble Vitamins Pantothenic acid Biotin B12 (cyanocobalamin) Folic acid C (ascorbic acid) B1 (thiamin) B2 (riboflavin) Niacin B6 (pyridoxine) Docsity.com Water-Insoluble Vitamins A (retinol) D E K Docsity.com Trace Minerals Iron Iodine Fluoride Zinc Copper Manganese Cobalt Selenium Chromium Docsity.com • Impaired cognitive development • Won’t attain full height • More susceptible to disease and infection Malnourishment Docsity.com • Approximately 24 million people in the US have diabetes (10%) • Another 16 million have a condition now known as prediabetes Diabetes Epidemic Docsity.com Diabetes Mellitus Blood glucose level (mg %) 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 Nondiabetic Hocsity.com  Type I Diabetes hyposecretion of insulin insulin dependant juvenile onset Type II Diabetes l t t ( d lt) Docsity.com • sugar in blood and urine • urinate too often and produce too much urine • Too thirsty • Too hungry Symptoms (Type I): Docsity.com 2010: U.S. spends $170 Billion Annually Per Person: • Individuals with diabetes: $13,243/year • Individuals without diabetes: $2,560/year Cost $$$$ Docsity.com Obesity may be gene related • Leptin - ↑ leptin levels ↓ appetite - loss of body fat ↓ leptin levels and ↑ appetite and wt gain • potential medications for obesity Docsity.com Here are the top 5 obese countries: • United States (34% of adults were overweight in 2008) • Mexico (30% in 2006) • New Zealand (27% in 2007) • Australia (25% in 2007) • United Kingdom (25% in 2008) Lowest: Japan & Korea 3.2% Obesity Docsity.com Genetically Modified Foods Pros • Increased pest and disease resistance • Grow food in harsh climate • Increased food supply (more food/acre) • More nutritional value • Make drugs Ring spot virus Docsity.com Artificial Sweeteners • Reduced calories • Reduce tooth decay • Diabetes • Lower cost Docsity.com Artificial Sweeteners • Acesulfame potassium (Sunett, Sweet One) • Aspartame (Equal, NutraSweet) • Neotame • Saccharin (SugarTwin, Sweet'N Low) • Sucralose (Splenda) Docsity.com Build a Healthy Base 3. Let the pyramid guide your choices 4. Choose a variety of grains daily, especially whole grains 5. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables daily. 6. Keep food safe to eat. Docsity.com Choose Sensibly 7. Choose a diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol and moderate in total fat 8. Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars 9. Choose and prepare food with less salt 10. If you drink alcoholic beverages do so in moderation Docsity.com All organisms must maintain a constant internal environment to function properly • Temperature • pH • ion levels • Hormones Homeostasis Docsity.com Body Temperature Homeostasis Heat Production: • Exercise • Hormones • Nervous system • Body temperature • Ingestion of food • Age • Other factors Docsity.com Heat exchange by: • Conduction- transfer of heat between objects in direct contact with each other • Convection- heat is conducted away from an object of high temp to low temp - Rate varies with different materials • Radiation- transfers heat between objects not in direct contact - sun energy • Evaporation- change of liquid to vapor - cooling Four physical processes account for heat gain or loss Docsity.com INQUIRY 1. What are nutrients that the body needs but can’t synthesize on its own called? 2. Which cells of the body, under normal circumstances, must have energy in the form of glucose in order to survive? 3. How does the body make use of dietary cholesterol? 4. What is an incomplete protein? 5. What trace element is necessary for wound healing? 6. Neural tube defects are easily prevented by the adequate intake of ____ by pregnant mothers. 7. What carbohydrate can be found in a steak? 8. Hemorrhaging could occur because of lack of sufficient vitamin _____. Docsity.com