Final Exam Review Sheet: Key Concepts and Questions for Chemistry Exam - Prof. Ruth H. Tuc, Study notes of Chemistry

Download Final Exam Review Sheet: Key Concepts and Questions for Chemistry Exam - Prof. Ruth H. Tuc and more Study notes Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! REVIEW SHEET – FINAL THE FINAL IS MANDATORY!!!!! The final is worth 150 points and will be about 40 questions in length. There will be about 16 questions on previously covered material (approximately 4 per exam). There will be about 24 questions on the material covered after exam 4. Do not expect all the questions on previously covered material to be identical to those on the final (although we’ll give you one from each previous exam!). The concepts to review (both old and new) are listed below. You have 2 hours to take the exam. Please give special attention to the following subjects, and review previous exams in the context of the subjects below (at least for those that you’ve been tested on before). You may NOT take the final exam with you when you leave the room. If you wish to see the final exam later on, you may do so by appointment. You may begin the final exam at any time during the testing period, and you may leave at any time prior to the end of the 2 hour exam period, but you must be done by the end of the designated exam period. You must take the final exam at the designated final exam period (2-4 pm on Wednesday, May 9). Old material (previous 4 exams – not all inclusive, but a general review): • Calculations – do you understand the rules for significant figures and rounding? • Prefix conversions from the metric system (know table 1.3 prefixes shown in bold type) • Unit conversions in general – converting any unit to any other unit once you know the conversion factors • Temperature conversions (only °C to K or the reverse) • Derived units – volume and density calculations (know that d = m/V) • What are isotopes? What do the different parts of the atomic symbol for an isotope indicate? • You should know the information in figure 2.18 and tables 2.3 and 2.4 (no need to know traditional Latin names of metal ions (i.e. no cuprous or ferric, etc.)) • Know polyatomic ions! See table 2.5 and know the ones shown in bold type. • Simple nomenclature – i.e. ionic compounds, binary molecular compounds and acids. Be able to go back and forth between the name and the formulas and know the binary covalent prefixes in table 2.6. • What is a mole? What is Avogadro’s number? • You must be able to write out the molecular, total ionic, and net ionic equations when given a set of reactants. • Can you predict the products of precipitation given the solubilities chart? • What is molarity? Can you calculate it? Know and be able to apply M=n/V • What are the four quantum numbers? What do they represent? What values are possible for each quantum number? What sets of four quantum numbers are acceptable, and which are not? How many orbitals are in any given particular shell or subshell, and how many electrons fit in each orbital? • How are electrons arranged in atoms in electron configurations? • Can you determine which electron configurations or orbital diagrams are acceptable and which are not allowed? • What is effective nuclear charge and how does it affect the relative sizes of atoms and ions? • What are ionization energies and electron affinities and what trends do they follow across the periodic table and why? • What is the octet rule? Can you use it to determine the types of ionic or covalent bonds that different atoms will form? • Do you know the trend for electronegativity and can you use it to distinguish between a polar and a nonpolar bond or molecule? • Can you draw Lewis structures and tell if one is incorrectly drawn? Do you know the exceptions to the octet rule? Can you determine formal charges and use those to identify the ‘best’ representation? • Can you draw resonance structures? • What are the electron domain shapes and molecular shapes of 2-6 electron groups around a central atom (i.e. can you apply the VSEPR model?). How does this relate to polarity? • What are sigma and pi bonds? How does this relate to multiple bonds and bond shape? How does this relate to the length and strength of different bonds? • What types of hybridized orbitals are observed in given electron domain shapes? • What are the basic intermolecular forces, and how can you tell which ones are present in a given molecule? (i.e. London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole forces, and hydrogen bonds) • How are boiling points affected by intermolecular forces? Can you categorize and order them? • What factors affect solubility? • How are the energy, wavelength, frequency, and the speed of light related? Can you calculate one value given other values? • What are photons of light and how do they relate to energy transitions in matter? • How do the quantum numbers relate to the atomic orbitals and their shapes? • What is the relationship between the atomic mass listed on the periodic table and the mass of isotopes and their natural abundance? • What are the simple gas laws? Can you apply them and do any conversions between units required to perform those manipulations properly? You should be able to do unit conversions between torr, mmHg and atm (and you’ll be given the conversion factor). • What is the ideal gas law – be able to use it! You’ll be given R, but you must be able to apply it. • What is partial pressure? How does this relate to total pressure? • What is kinetic molecular theory? Relate this to temperature and molecular weight qualitatively. New material (Sections 4.4, 4.5, 3.4, 6.1-2, 6.4-6 and 9.3-9.4 – not all inclusive, but a general review): • Can you convert between grams and moles? Can you do stoichiometric conversions for formulas such as atoms/ions/molecules/formula units to moles? • Can you write proper net ionic equations of neutralizations? Can you identify acid-base reactions? Can you perform calculations involving acids and bases? • Do you understand the concept of stoichiometry? Can you perform gram to gram, gram to mole, or mole to mole conversions when given a chemical reaction? • Can you perform calculations involving limiting reagents and percent yield? • Can you identify the oxidation number for every element in a compound? (know table 4.3) • Can you identify oxidations and reductions in the redox reaction? • Can you relate molarity to stoichiometry? Can you relate gas laws to stoichiometry? • What is the relationship between internal energy changes, heat, and work? Can you determine the signs of q and w based on words, and use them to calculate !E? • What are heats of formation and the associated chemical equations? How can heats of formation be used to determine heats of reaction?