Neoplasms and Cancer: Types, Causes, and Characteristics, Exams of Medicine

Download Neoplasms and Cancer: Types, Causes, and Characteristics and more Exams Medicine in PDF only on Docsity! Oncology examination test with answers below 1. What is oncology? - ✓✓✓The study of neoplasms (tumors) 2. What is the leading cause of death in the U.S.? - ✓✓✓Cancer 3. What is a neoplasia? - ✓✓✓New growth 4. What is neoplasms? - ✓✓✓-Abnormal mass of tissue (tumor) 5. -Growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal tissues 6. -Persists in excessive manner after removal of stimuli evoking change 7. -Depends on host for nutrition and blood supply 8. What is a primary tumor? - ✓✓✓Arises from cells that are normally local to the given structure 9. What is a secondary tumor? - ✓✓✓Arises from cells that have metastasized from another part of the body 10.What is carcinoma in situ? - ✓✓✓Refers to preinvasive epithelial tumors of glandular or squamous cell origin 11.What is differentiation? - ✓✓✓Process of normal cells undergoing physical and structural changes as they develop to form different tissues of the body 12.What is dysplasia? - ✓✓✓Disorganization of cells 13. -Adult cells vary from normal size, shape or organization 14. -May reverse or progress to cancer 15.What is metaplasia? - ✓✓✓1st level of dysplasia 16. -Reversible and benign 17. -Abnormal change of one cell type changing to another cell type 18.What is anaplasia? - ✓✓✓Loss of cellular differentiation 19. -Most advanced form of metaplasia 20. -Characteristic f malignant cells only 21.What is hyperplasia? - ✓✓✓-Increase in number of cells in tissue 22. -Increased tissue mass 23. -Reversible 24.What is metastasis? - ✓✓✓-Movement of cells from one part of the body to another 25. -Unequivocally identifies a neoplasm as malignant 26.What are carcinogens? - ✓✓✓Etiologic agents capable of initiating the malignant transformation of a cell 27.What is carcinogenesis? - ✓✓✓Process of a normal cell undergoing malignant transformation 28.How are neoplasms classified? - ✓✓✓-Cell type 29. -Tissue of origin 30. -Degree of differentiation 31. -Anatomic site 32. -Benign or malignant 33.What are characteristics of benign neoplasms? - ✓✓✓-Non-cancerous 34. -Harmless 35. -Encapsulated 36. -Non-invasive 37. -Slow growth and progression 38. -No metastasis 39. -Little to no vascularity 40. -Recurrence is rare 41.What are characteristics of malignant neoplasms? - ✓✓✓-Cancerous 42. -Invasive 43. -Rapid growth and progression 44. -Metastasize readily 45. -Moderate to marked vascularity 46. -Recur readily 47. -Necrosis and ulceration often present 48. -Cellular irregularity 49.What are the five major classifications of normal body tissue origins? - ✓✓✓1. Epithelial 50.2. Connective 51.3. Nerve tissue 52.4. Lymphoid tissue 53.5. Hematopoietic tissue 54.Describe epithelial tissue. - ✓✓✓Covers all external body surfaces and lining of all internal spaces, organs and cavities 55. (ex. skin, mucous membranes, GI tract, lining of bladder) 56.Describe connective tissue. - ✓✓✓Elastic, fibrous, and collagenous tissue 108. -Sexual practices 109. -Reproductive behavior 110. T/F. Racial and ethnic minorities suffer disproportionately from cancer. - ✓✓✓True 111. T/F. Poverty has emerged as a significant risk factor. - ✓✓✓True 112. Describe African Americans association with cancer. - ✓✓✓10% higher mortality, attribute to preventable risk factors 113. Describe Hispanics/Latinos association with cancer. - ✓✓✓Lower incidence and death rates 114. Describe Asians association with cancer. - ✓✓✓Cancer is leading cause of death with more cancers of infectious origin 115. T/F. Stress affects the progression of cancer, not the initiation. - ✓✓✓True 116. What is depression a disorder of? - ✓✓✓Both immune suppression and immune activation 117. T/F. Animal studies show link response to stimulation of nervous system through the release of hormones can directly alter DNA repair and regulation of cell growth - ✓✓✓True. 118. Cancer is a cascade of what? - ✓✓✓Genetic changes 119. What are oncogenes? - ✓✓✓Cancer causing genes 120. What are protooncogenes? - ✓✓✓Normal non mutated form of oncogene 121. -Aid in regulating biologic functions, such as cell division, in normal cells 122. How many oncogenes are there? - ✓✓✓More than 100 123. What are oncogenes activated by? - ✓✓✓Carcinogens, at which they alter the regulation of growth in the cell 124. What do oncogenes do? - ✓✓✓-Alter the regulation of growth in the cell 125. -Cause uncontrolled cell growth 126. -Transform normal cells into malignant cells 127. What are tumor suppressor genes? - ✓✓✓A group of regulatory genes that have the opposite effect of oncogenes 128. -When activated, can regulate growth and inhibit carcinogenesis 129. T/F. Cancer cells do not grow faster than normal cells. - ✓✓✓True, their growth is just uncontrolled 130. What are the six hallmarks of cancer? - ✓✓✓1. Self-sufficiency in growth signals 131. 2. Insensitivity to growth-inhibitory (antigrowth) signals 132. 3. Evasion of programmed cell death (apoptosis) 133. 4. Limitless replicative potential 134. 5. Sustained angiogenesis 135. 6. Tissue invasion and metastasis 136. Explain self-sufficiency in growth signals. - ✓✓✓-Normal cells require special signals before they can grow and no normal cell can grow without a stimulatory signal 137. -In cancer cells, oncogenes mimic normal growth signals 138. Explain insensitivity to antigrowth signals. - ✓✓✓-In normal tissue, multiple antigrowth signals operate to maintain cell growth and tissue homeostasis 139. -Normal cells monitor their external environment and on the basis of signals, decide whether to grow, stay quiet or die 140. -Special proteins transmit the antigrowth signals 141. -Cancer cells disrupt these proteins from transmitting the antigrowth signals 142. Explain evasion of programmed cell death. - ✓✓✓-Cancer cells can expand in number both by continued dividing and by never dying 143. -In normal cells, programmed cell death or apoptosis tells cells when to die 144. -Cancer cells avoid apoptosis by interfering with the proteins and signaling pathways that control cell death 145. Describe limitless replicative potential. - ✓✓✓-Normal cells carry an intrinsic program that limits their multiplication. So each cell has a certain number of doubling preprogrammed and after a certain number they stop growing (this process is called senescence) 146. -Cancer disrupts senescence by disabling tumor suppressor proteins so cancer cells can continue to expand to a size that can constitute a life- threatening tumor 147. Describe sustained angiogenesis. - ✓✓✓-Oxygen and nutrients supplied by the vasculature are crucial for cell function and survival 148. -During embryogenesis this closeness is ensured by a coordinated growth of vessels and tissue 149. -Once tissue is formed, the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis) is carefully regulated 150. -Cancer cells acquire the ability to trigger the growth of new blood vessels by releasing certain chemicals 151. Describe tissue invasion and metastasis. - ✓✓✓-Sooner or later during development of most types of cancer, the primary tumor mass spawns cells that move out and invade adjacent tissues and travel to distant sites (these metastases are the cause of 90% of cancer deaths) 152. -The capability for invasion and spreading enables cancer cells to escape the primary tumor mass and go where space and nutrients are not limiting 153. -The molecular process of metastasis is complex and several proteins normally tether a cell to their surrounding tissue 154. T/F. Normal cells grow and divide to form new cells as the body needs them. When cells grow old or become damaged, they die and new cells take their place. - ✓✓✓True 155. -When cancer develops this orderly process breaks down. 156. -As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed 157. -These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form tumors 158. What does the hallmarks of cancer mean? - ✓✓✓Six biological capabilities acquired during the multistep development of human tumors 159. *Researchers think that most cancers have the same six changes in the physiology of a cell that dictate malignant growth 160. What are some topic of current cancer research? (need more detail) - ✓✓✓-Regulation of cellular proliferation and expression of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes 161. -Telomere length and telomerase 162. -Free radical-induced DNA damage and regulation of apoptosis 163. -Immune function and response 164. -Cellular, metabolic and humoral factors associated with chronic inflammatory process 165. What are different changes that could occur after genetic damage in carcinogenesis? - ✓✓✓-Hyperplasia 166. -Metaplasia 167. -Dysplasia 168. -Carcinoma in situ 169. -Invasive carcinoma 170. -Metastatic carcinoma 171. How many genetic events are required for the conversion of normal cells to malignant cells? - ✓✓✓At least 7 or 8 172. -Genetic instability occurs during cancer progression