Openstax Psychology Chapter 4: Understanding Sleep, Brain Waves, and Sleep Disorders, Exams of Psychology

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Openstax psychology Chapter 4 Alpha waves (8-12 hz) - Type of relatively low frequency, relatively high amplitude brain wave that becomes synchronized; characteristic of the beginning of stage 1 sleep Beta waves (13-30 Hz) - Type of brain wave characteristic during wakefulness, very low amplitude and frequency of 13- 30 Hz Biological rhythm - Internal cycle of biological activity Cataplexy - Lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles Central sleep apnea - Sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing Circadian rhythm - Biological rhythm that occurs over approximately 24 hours Codeine - Opiate with relatively low potency often prescribed for minor pain Cognitive-behavior therapy - Psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors, sometimes used to treat sleep disorders like insomnia Collective unconscious - Theoretical repository of information shared by all people across cultures, as described by Carl Jung Consciousness - Awareness of internal and external stimuli Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) - Device used to treat sleep apnea; includes a mask that fits over the sleeper's nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the person's airways, forcing them to remain open Delta waves - Type of brain wave characteristic during stage 3 NREM sleep, high amplitude and low frequency of less than 3 Hz Depressant - Drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity Euphoric high - Feelings of intense elation and pleasure from drug use Evolutionary psychology - Discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection Hallucinogen - one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences, often with vivid hallucinations Homeostasis - tendency to maintain a balance, or optimal level, within a biological system Hypnosis - state of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway opiate/opioid - one of a category of drugs that has strong analgesic properties; opiates are produced from the resin of the opium poppy; includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine parasomnia - one of a group of sleep disorders characterized by unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep physical dependence - changes in normal bodily functions that cause a drug user to experience withdrawal symptoms upon cessation of use pineal gland - endocrine structure located inside the brain that releases melatonin psychological dependence - emotional, rather than a physical, need for a drug which may be used to relieve psychological distress rapid eye movement (REM) sleep - period of sleep characterized by brain waves very similar to those during wakefulness and by darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) - sleep disorder in which the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur; sleepers have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams restless leg syndrome - sleep disorder in which the sufferer has uncomfortable sensations in the legs when trying to fall asleep that are relieved by moving the legs rotating shift work - work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis sleep - state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness sleep apnea - sleep disorder defined by episodes during which breathing stops during sleep sleep debt - result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis sleep-rebound - sleep-deprived individuals will experience shorter sleep latencies during subsequent opportunities for sleep sleep regulation - brain's control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world sleep spindle - rapid burst of high frequency brain waves during stage 2 sleep that may be important for learning and memory sleepwalking - A phenomenon primarily occurring in non-REM sleep in which people walk while asleep. stage 1 sleep - The state of transition between wakefulness and sleep, characterized by relatively rapid, low- amplitude brain waves. stage 2 sleep - A sleep deeper than that of stage 1, characterized by a slower, more regular wave pattern, along with momentary interruptions of "sleep spindles." stage 3 sleep - third stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves stage 4 sleep - fourth stage of sleep; deep sleep characterized by low frequency, high amplitude delta waves stimulant - drug that tends to increase overall levels of neural activity; includes caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine