Organic Chemistry: Aldehydes and Ketones, Summaries of Organic Chemistry

Download Organic Chemistry: Aldehydes and Ketones and more Summaries Organic Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! ORCHMD1 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Discussion Module 10: Aldehydes and Ketones ➢ has a carbon-to-oxygen double bond ➢ define two related families of organic compounds: the aldehydes and the ketones ➢ ubiquitous in biological compounds. ➢ It is found in carbohydrates, fats, proteins, nucleic acids, hormones, and vitamins—organic compounds critical to living systems. ✓ two carbon groups are attached to the carbonyl carbon atom. ✓ The following general formulas, in which R represents an alkyl group and Ar stands for an aryl group, represent ketones. ✓ at least one of the attached groups must be a hydrogen atom ✓ In condensed formulas, we use CHO to identify an aldehyde rather than COH, which might be confused with an alcohol. ✓ This follows the general rule that in condensed structural formulas H comes after the atom it is attached to (usually C, N, or O). ✓ The carbon-to-oxygen double bond is not shown but understood to be present. ✓ the carbonyl carbon of an aldehyde is always at the end of hydrocarbon chains. ✓ the carbonyl carbon of a ketone is always a nonterminal position in the hydrocarbon chain. ✓ Because they contain the same functional group, aldehydes and ketones share many common properties, but they still differ enough to warrant their classification into two families.