Organic Chemistry Cheat Sheet, Cheat Sheet of Organic Chemistry

Download Organic Chemistry Cheat Sheet and more Cheat Sheet Organic Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! Gr. 12 Organic Chemistry Cheat Sheet by NescafeAbusive32 (nescafeabusive32) via cheatography.com/53385/cs/14402/  Introd ​uction The term organic generally means "s ​ome ​thing made from the earth" or "not chemically synthe ​siz ​ed." ​ Organic chemistry refers to the study of compounds that contain carbon atoms as the principal element. The simplest organic compou ​nds are hyd ​roc ​arb ​ons made from C and H atoms Despite the term organic generally meaning " ​nat ​ura ​l," organic compounds can in fact be chemically synthe ​sized (first synthe ​sized organic compound was urea - found in mammal urine) Carbon has a bonding capacity of 4 so each C atom must always make 4 bonds within a compound  General Nomenc ​lature Usual follows order prefix + root + suffix Prefix Indicates name/ ​mul ​tip ​lying prefix ​es/ ​pos ​ition of branches Root Indicates number of carbons in the parent chain Suffix Indicates the parent chain's funct ​ional group  Root Name/B ​ranch Prefixes Number of C atoms / branches Root prefix Mult ​iplying prefix 1 meth- mono- 2 eth- di- 3 prop- tri- 4 but- tetra- 5 pent- penta- 6 hex- hexa- 7 hep- hepta- 8 oct- octa-  Root Name/B ​ranch Prefixes (cont) 9 non- nona- 10 dec- deca- Special nomenc ​lature prefix ​es: See Impor ​tance of Functional Groups, Haloa ​lky ​l/Other Functional Groups, and Special Alkyl Branches All prefixes are listed in alpha order when writing the name of an organic compound, except for cyc ​lo- and iso ​-.  Importance of Functional Groups Func ​tional Group Suffix if Highest Precedence Prefix if Lower Preced ​ence RC(=O)OH (carbo ​xylic acid) -oic acid carboxy- RC(=O)OR' (ester) [branc ​h] -y l [root] ​ ​-oate alkox ​yca ​rbo ​ nyl- RC(=O)ON(R')R" (amide) -amide carba ​moyl - RC≡N (nitrile) -nitrile cyano- RC=O (aldehyde) -al oxo- RC(=O)R' (ketone) -one oxo- R(OH)R' (alcohol) -ol hydroxy- R(N(R')R")R'" (amine) -amine amino- RC=CR' (alkene) -ene Always used as a suffix RC≡CR' (alkyne) -yne Always used as a suffix  Importance of Functional Groups (cont) RCCR' (alkane) -ane Always used as a suffix R(X)R' Always used as a prefix See Haloa ​lky ​ls/ ​Other Functional Groups [ ​branch] and [root] refer to the length of the carbon group's prefix (meth-, eth-, prop-, etc.) If the carbon in the RCOOH group is not the parent chain, the highest precedence suffix is -carb ​oxylic acid If the carbon in the RCO group is not the parent chain, the highest precedence suffix is -carb ​ald ​ehyde , and the alternate prefix is formyl- If a compound is both an alkene and an alkyne, both -ene and -yne are used  Haloal ​kyl ​s/Other Functional Groups Func ​tional Group Prefix R-O-R' (ether) [branc ​h]- ​oxy- R-C-R (cyclo ​alkyls) cyclo- R-F fluoro- R-Br bromo- R-Cl chloro- R-I iodo- R-NO2 nitro- 1,2-[branch(es)] ortho ​-[ ​bra ​nch ​(es)] 1,3-[branch(es)] meta ​-[b ​ran ​ch(es)] 1,4-[branch(es)] para ​-[b ​ran ​ch(es)] E ​thers take precedence in prefixes over all other prefixes, except the branches attached to the ether group A ​pplies only to benzene ring branches By NescafeAbusive32 (nescafeabusive32) cheatography.com/nescafeabusive32/ Published 23rd January, 2018. Last updated 29th December, 2018. Page 1 of 5. Sponsored by ApolloPad.com Everyone has a novel in them. Finish Yours! https://apollopad.com 2 ​1 1 3 3 4 4 [1] [2] [3] [4] 1 2 2 2 [1] [2] Gr. 12 Organic Chemistry Cheat Sheet by NescafeAbusive32 (nescafeabusive32) via cheatography.com/53385/cs/14402/  Special Alkyl Branches Propyl Butyl n-propyl (normal) n-butyl (normal) isopropyl (y-shape) isobutyl (y-shape) sec-butyl (2 C) tert-butyl (t-shape)  Alkanes Contain only single bonds between C atoms General chemical formula CnH2n+2 (n = whole number) Odour Odourless Pola ​rity Non-polar (only C-H bonds) Solu ​bility in water Slightly soluble Boil ​ing ​/me ​ lting point Depends on length of parent C chain (more C =  BP, less C =  BP)  Alkenes Contain at least one double bond between C atoms General chemical formula CnH2n (n = whole number) Odour Almost odourless Pola ​rity Non-polar (only C-H bonds) Solu ​bility in water Slightly soluble Boil ​ing ​/me ​ lting point Depends on length of parent C chain (more C =  BP, less C =  BP)  Alkynes Contain at least one triple bond between C atoms General chemical formula CnH2n-2 (n = whole number) Odour Almost odourless Pola ​rity Non-polar (only C-H bonds) Solu ​bility in water Slightly soluble Boil ​ing ​/me ​ lting point Depends on length of parent C chain (more C =  BP, less C =  BP)  Cycloalkyl Alkane/alkene/alkyne where the C atoms are joined in a ring shape General chemical formula C2H2n (cycloalkane) C2H2n-2 (cycloalkene) C2H2n-4 (cycloalkyne) (n = whole number) Odour Odourless/almost odourless Pola ​rity Non-polar (only C-H bonds) Solu ​bility in water Slightly soluble Boil ​ing ​/me ​ lting point Depends on length of parent C chain (more C =  BP, less C =  BP)  Alcohols Any compound that contains a hydroxyl (R(- OH ​)-R') group General chemical formula CnH2n-1OH (n = whole number) Odour Slightly pungent Pola ​rity Polar (between O-H bonds); longer C chains decrease in polarity Solu ​bility in water Very soluble; longer C chains decrease solubility Boil ​ing ​/me ​ lting point Depends on length of parent C chain (more C =  BP, less C =  BP)  Aldehy ​des ​/Ke ​tones Any compound that contains a carbonyl (R- C(= ​O)- ​R') group Aldehydes have the carbonyl group at the first and/or last C atom of the molecule Ketones have the carbonyl group in the middle C atom(s) of the molecule General chemical formula CnH2nO (n = whole number) Odour Pungent (aldehyde) Sweet (ketone) Pola ​rity Polar (between C=O bonds); longer C chains decrease polarity Solu ​bility in water Very soluble; longer C chains decrease solubility By NescafeAbusive32 (nescafeabusive32) cheatography.com/nescafeabusive32/ Published 23rd January, 2018. Last updated 29th December, 2018. Page 2 of 5. Sponsored by ApolloPad.com Everyone has a novel in them. Finish Yours! https://apollopad.com nd