Download Organic Reactions and more Essays (high school) Organic Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! McLeod, S. (2012). Information about Norwegian speech. Bathurst, NSW, Australia: Charles Sturt University. Retrieved from http://www.csu.edu.au/research/multilingual‐speech/languages. Published November 2012. Page 1 Information about Norwegian speech 1. A comparison between Norwegian and English phonology Aspect Language Number Details Source Consonants Norwegian 22‐23 consonants /p, b, t, d, ʈ, ɖ, k, ɡ, m, n, ɳ, ŋ, ɾ, ɽ, f, s, ʂ, ç, h, ʋ, j, l, ɭ, ʈɖ/ Kristoffersen (2007) English 24 consonants /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, m, n, ŋ, θ, ð, f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h, ʧ, ʤ, j, w, ɹ, l/ Smit (2004) Consonant clusters Norwegian Syllable‐initial and syllable‐ final consonant clusters Two and three element consonant clusters. Kristoffersen (2007) English Approx. 29 syllable‐initial and many syllable‐final consonant clusters Many 2 and 3 element consonant clusters in initial position including /pl, bl, kl, ɡl, fl, sl, pɹ, bɹ, tɹ, dɹ, kɹ, ɡɹ, θɹ, fɹ, ʃɹ, pj, tj, fj, mj, nj, sm, sn, sp, st, sk, spl, spɹ, stɹ, skw/ and many 2 to 4 element consonant clusters in final position McLeod (2007) Smit (2004) Vowels and diphthongs Norwegian 19 vowels + 3 diphthongs Vowels: 9 long and 9 short /i, iː, y, yː, ʉ, ʉː, e, eː, ø, øː, æ, æː, u, uː, o, oː, ɑ, ɑː, ə/ Diphthongs: /æi, øi, æʊ/ Kristoffersen (2007) English (US‐General American) 14 vowels + 3 diphthongs Vowels: /i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, ə, ɚ, ɝ, u, ʊ, o, ʌ, ɔ, ɑ/ Diphthongs: /aɪ, aʊ, ɔɪ/ (Smit also lists 5 ‘r’‐ colored diphthongs) Smit (2007) English (Canadian) 14 vowels + 3 diphthongs Vowels: /i, ɪ, e, ɛ, æ, ə, ɚ, ɝ, ʉ, ʊ, o, ʌ, ɔ, ɑ/ Diphthongs: /ʌɪ, ʌʊ, ɔɪ/ Bernhardt, & Deby (2007) English (UK‐Received Pronunciation) 12 vowels + 8 diphthongs Vowels: /i, ɪ, ɛ, æ, a, ə, ɜ, u, ʊ, ʌ, ɔ, ɒ/ Diphthongs: /aɪ, aʊ, ɔɪ, eɪ, oʊ, ɪə, ɛə, ʊə/ Howard (2007) English (Australian) 12 vowels + 8 diphthongs Vowels: /iː, ɪ, e, ӕ, ɐː, ɐ, ɔ, oː, ʊ, ʉː, ɜː, ǝ/i OR /i, ɪ, ɛ, ӕ, a, ʌ, ɒ, ɔ, ʊ, u, ɜ, ǝ/ ii Diphthongs: /ӕɪ, ɑe, ǝʉ, ӕɔ, ɔɪ, ɪǝ, eː, ʊǝ/ i OR /eɪ, aɪ, oʊ, aʊ, ɔɪ, ɪǝ, ɛǝ, ʊǝ/ii i Harrington, Cox, & Evans, (1997) ii Mitchell (1946) English (New Zealand) 12 vowels + 8 diphthongs Vowels: /i, ɪ, ɛ, æ, ə, ɜ, u, ʊ, ʌ, ɔ, ɒ, ɑ/ i OR / i, ɪ, e, æ, a, ə, ɜ, ʊ, ʌ, ɔ, ɒ/ ii Diphthongs: /aɪ, aʊ, ɔi, eɪ, oʊ, iə, eə, ʊə/ i OR / ai, aʊ, ɔi, ei, oʊ, iə, eə, ʊə/ ii i Bauer & Warren (2004) ii Maclagan (2009) Tones Norwegian 2 tones (accents) Lexical tones differentiate meaning in words of more than one syllable. Accent 1 is realized with a high tone on the stressed syllable. Kristoffersen (2007) English 0 tones ‐ McLeod, S. (2012). Information about Norwegian speech. Bathurst, NSW, Australia: Charles Sturt University. Retrieved from http://www.csu.edu.au/research/multilingual‐speech/languages. Published November 2012. Page 2 Syllable shape Norwegian C(0‐3)VC(0‐2) Kristoffersen (2007) English C(0‐3)VC(0‐4) The smallest syllable is V and the largest is CCCVCCCC strengths. Smit (2004) McLeod (2007) Stress‐timed or syllable‐ timed? Norwegian Stress‐timed Uses primary, secondary or no stress. Kristoffersen (2007) English Stress‐timed Syllables can be strong or weak. Stress also is used for emphasis. Varieties Norwegian Yes Urban East Norwegian (spoken by most Norwegians). Kristoffersen (2007) English Many dialects Many dialects including General American English, Received Pronunciation (England), Scottish English, Irish English, Australian English, New Zealand English, South African English etc. Writing system Norwegian Two standards based on Latin alphabet Two standards based on Latin alphabet: Nynorsk, and Bokmål. Three non‐English letters are used æ, å, ø. Kristoffersen (2007) English Roman script Roman script loosely related to phonetic realizations of the consonants and vowels. References Norwegian studies Kristoffersen, K. E. (2007). Norwegian speech acquisition. In S. McLeod (Ed.), The international guide to speech acquisition (pp. 495‐504). Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. English studies Bauer, L., & Warren, P. (2004). New Zealand English: Phonology. In E. Schneider, K. Burridge, B. Kortmann, R. Mesthrie & C. Upton (Eds.). A handbook of varieties of English: Vol. 1. Phonology (pp. 580‐602). Berlin, Germany: Mouton de Gruyer. Bernhardt, B. M. H., & Deby, J. (2007). Canadian English speech acquisition. In S. McLeod (Ed.), The international guide to speech acquisition (pp. 177‐187). Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Harrington, J., Cox, F., & Evans, Z. (1997). An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels. Australian Journal of Linguistics, 17, 155‐184. Howard, S. (2007). English speech acquisition. In S. McLeod (Ed.), The international guide to speech acquisition (pp. 188‐ 203). Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Maclagan, M. (2009). Reflecting connections with the local language: New Zealand English. International Journal of Speech‐Language Pathology, 11(2), 113‐121. McLeod, S. (2007). Australian English speech acquisition. In S. McLeod (Ed.), The international guide to speech acquisition (pp. 241‐256). Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Mitchell, A. G. (1946). The pronunciation of English in Australia. Sydney, Australia: Angus & Robertson. Smit, A. B. (2004). Articulation and phonology: Resource guide for school‐age children and adults. Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Smit, A. B. (2007). General American English speech acquisition. In S. McLeod (Ed.), The international guide to speech acquisition (pp. 128‐147). Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning. Comparative summaries Davidsen‐Nielsen, N., & Harder, P. (2001). Speakers of Scandinavian languages: Danish, Norwegian, Swedish. In M. Swan & B. Smith (Eds.), Learner English: A teacher's guide to interference and other problems (pp. 21‐36). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.