Organic Compounds: Structures and Reactions, Lab Reports of Chemistry

Download Organic Compounds: Structures and Reactions and more Lab Reports Chemistry in PDF only on Docsity! CH105 Lab 20: Organic Structures 263 LAB 20: ORGANIC STRUCTURES: IDENTIFICATION OF MOLECULAR MODELS PURPOSE: To identify organic containing and nitrogen-containing functional groups from assembled molecular models. SAFETY CONCERNS: Keep small model pieces away from young children who may swallow them. MOLECULAR MODELS: Models are often used by chemists to visualize molecular structures. Structural differences between functional groups provide reasons for differences in chemical reactivity. In preparation for this laboratory exercise, review the sections in your text book pertaining to molecular structure of oxygen containing compounds such as alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. Be able to identify each of these functional groups and be able to write condensed and full structural formulas for them. Alcohols and ethers can be viewed as derivatives of water where one or both of water’s H atoms have been replaced by a carbon group (R). The –OH group of an alcohol is called a hydroxyl group. General Structure Specific Examples Water H-O-H Alcohol R-O-H C H H H C H H O H Ethyl Alcohol Ethanol Ether R-O-R C H H H C H H O C H H H Ethyl Methyl Ether Methoxyethane CH105 Lab 20: Organic Structures 264 Aldehydes and Ketones contain the carbonyl group. Aldehydes have one or two hydrogen atoms attached to the carbonyl carbon. Ketones have two carbon groups bonded to the carbonyl carbon. General Structure Specific Examples Carbonyl C O Aldehyde C O H H or C O H R C O H H C O H C H H H Formaldehyde Ethyl aldehyde Methanal Ethanal Ketone C O R R C O C C H H H H H H Acetone Propanone Carboxylic Acids contain both the carbonyl group and the hydroxyl group; the hydroxyl group must be bonded to the carbonyl carbon. Together the carbonyl gropu and the hydroxyl group are called the carboxyl group. Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids. The hydrogen atom of the carboxyl group has been replaced by a carbon group. General Structure Specific Example Carboxyl C O O H Carboxylic Acid C O O H H C O O H Ror C O O H H C O O C H H H H Formic Acid Acetic Acid Methanoic Acid Ethanoic Acid Ester C O O R H C O O R Ror C O O C H H H C H H H C O O C H H H C H H H Ethyl Formate Methyl Acetate Ethyl Methanoate Methyl Ethanoate CH105 Lab 20: Organic Structures 267 Structure 4: A. Write the structural formula for this compound. B. Write the name of the compound class.2 C. What is the IUPAC name of this compound? D. What is the common name of this compound? E. Is this compound soluble in water? (Yes, No, or partially?) F. Show the formation of this molecule from an alcohol. G. Show the structure of the products formed from reaction of this compound under each of the following conditions. 5 • Oxidation • Reduction Structure 5: A. Write the structural formula for this compound. B. Circle the acidic hydrogen in this compound. C. Write the name of the compound class. D. What is the IUPAC name of this compound? E. What is the common name of this compound? F. Is this compound soluble in water? (Yes, No, or partially?) G. Is this compound electrolyte? (strong, weak, or not an electrolyte) (circle one) H. Show the structure of the products formed from reaction of this compound under each of the following conditions. 5 • Oxidation • Reduction • Neutralization with base • Esterification with alcohol Structure 6: A. Write the structural formula for this compound. B. Write the name of the compound class.1 C. Give the IUPAC name for this compound. D. Give the common name for this compound. E. Is this compound soluble in water? (Yes, No, or partially?) F. Is this compound electrolyte? (strong, weak, or not an electrolyte) (circle one) G. Show the structure of the products formed from reaction of this compound under each of the following conditions. 5 • Oxidation • Reduction • Acetal formation CH105 Lab 20: Organic Structures 268 Structure 7: A. Write the structural formula for this compound. B. Draw hydrogen bonding with water. C. Write the name of the compound class.2 D. What is the IUPAC name of this compound? E. What is the common name of this compound? F. Is this compound soluble in water? (Yes, No, or partially?) G. Is this compound an electrolyte? (Strong, weak or No?) H. Show the structure of the products formed from reaction of this compound under each of the following conditions. 4 • Ionization in water • Neutralization with hydrochloric acid • Neutralization with acetic acid • Amide formation with heat • Amide formation with acetic anhydride Structure 8: A. Write the structural formula for this compound. B. Write the name of the compound class.2 C. What is the IUPAC name of this compound? D. What is the common name of this compound? E. Is this compound soluble in water? (Yes, No, or partially?) F. Show the structure of the products formed from reaction of this compound under each of the following conditions. 4 • Acid catalyzed hydrolysis5 • Base catalyzed hydrolysis5 Structure 9: A. Write the structural formula for this compound. B. Write the name of the compound class.2 C. What is the IUPAC name of this compound? D. What is the common name of this compound? E. Is this compound soluble in water? (Yes, No, or partially?) F. Show the structure of the products formed from reaction of this compound under each of the following conditions. 4 • Bromination5 • Nitration5 CH105 Lab 20: Organic Structures 269 LAB 20: ORGANIC STRUCTURES: NAME_____________ PRE LAB EXERCISES: DATE______________ Match each of following functional groups with the structure below that best illustrates it: 1._____ Acetal A. CH3CH2C OH O 2._____ Alcohol B. CH3CHOCH3 OH 3._____ Aldehyde C. CH3CH2CH2OH 4._____ Amide D. CH3CHOCH2CH3 OCH3 5._____ Amine E. CH3CH2NHCH3 6._____ Carboxylic Acid F. CH3CH2C O O CH2CH3 7._____ Ester G. CH3CH2CCH3 O 8._____ Ether H. CH3CH2CH O 9._____ Hemiacetal I. CH3C O N CH3 CH3 10._____ Ketone J. CH3CH2CH2OCH2CH3 CH105 Lab 20: Organic Structures 272 No. 2 A. Structure (Complete, not condensed) B. Polar region (circle) C. Nonpolar region (box) D. Chiral Carbons? (star *) E. Hydrogen Bond with water (draw) F. Class_________________________ G. IUPAC Name __________________ H. Water soluble? _________________ I. Electrolyte? ___________________ J. Formation (Synthesis) Show the synthesis of this particular compound from appropriate starting reagents: (How can it be made?) K. Show the structure of the products formed from reaction of this compound under each of the following conditions. If the compound does not react under the given conditions put NR (for no reaction). Oxidation [O] Na2Cr2O7 Reduction [H] NaBH4 Elimination H+, heat Hemiacetal Formation CH3CCH3 O H+ CH105 Lab 20: Organic Structures 273 No. 3 A. Structure (Complete, not condensed) B. Class_________________________ C. IUPAC Name __________________ D. Common Name _________________ E. Show the structure of the products formed from reaction of this compound under each of the following conditions. If the compound does not react under the given conditions put NR (for no reaction). Acid Catalyzed Hydrolysis (of this particular structure) H2O, H+ Base Catalyzed Hydrolysis (of this particular structure) H2O, NaOH No 4 A. Structure (Complete, not condensed) B. Class_________________________ C. IUPAC Name __________________ D. Common Name _________________ E. Water soluble? _________________ F. Show the synthesis of this particular compound from appropriate starting reagents: (How can it be made?) Formation (Synthesis) H+, heat G. Show the structure of the products formed from reaction of this compound under each of the following conditions. If the compound does not react under the given conditions put NR (for no reaction). Oxidation [O] Na2Cr2O7 Reduction [H] NaBH4 CH105 Lab 20: Organic Structures 274 No 5 A. Structure (Complete, not condensed) B. Acidic Hydrogen (circle) C. Class_________________________ D. IUPAC Name __________________ E. Common Name _________________ F. Water Soluble? __________________ G. Electrolyte? (circle one)_strong; weak; not H. Show the structure of the products formed from reaction of this compound under each of the following conditions. If the compound does not react under the given conditions put NR (for no reaction). Oxidation [O] Na2Cr2O7 Reduction [H] Neutralization with Base NaOH Name the product formed Esterification with Alcohol CH3CHCH3 OH H+ Name the product formed CH105 Lab 20: Organic Structures 277 No. 8 A. Structure (Complete, not condensed) B. Class_________________________ C. IUPAC Name __________________ D. Common Name _________________ E. Water Soluble? __________________ F. Show the structure of the products formed from reaction of this compound under each of the following conditions. If the compound does not react under the given conditions put NR (for no reaction). Acid Catalyzed Hydrolysis (of this particular structure) H2O, HCl cat Name the products formed Base Catalyzed Hydrolysis (of this particular structure) H2O, NaOH Name the products formed No. 9 A. Structure (Complete, not condensed) B. Class_________________________ C. IUPAC Name __________________ D. Common Name _________________ E. Water Soluble? __________________ F. Show the structure of the products formed from reaction of this compound under each of the following conditions. If the compound does not react under the given conditions put NR (for no reaction). Bromination Br2, FeBr3 Name the products formed Nitration HNO3 H2SO4 Name the products formed CH105 Lab 20: Organic Structures 278 LAB 20: ORGANIC STRUCTURES: NAME_____________ RELATED EXERCISES: 1. Name the class of compound commonly associated with each of the following: A. Anesthetics _____________________________ B. Fragrances _____________________________ C. Distilled Spirits _____________________________ D. Vinegar _____________________________ E. Proteins _____________________________ 2. Give the structural formulas of all four primary amines with the molecular formula C4H11N. 3. Give the structural formulas of all four alcohols with the molecular formula C4H10O and label each as primary, secondary, or tertiary alcohols (1o, 2 o, or 3 o). 4. You are to go on a chemical scavenger hunt. Find an ester, a carboxylic acid, a carboxylic acid salt, and an alcohol. Go to the kitchen, bathroom, medicine cabinet, garage, etc. and find three different items that contain the needed functional groups on the label. List your findings below. Group Product Chemical Name on the Label Ester Carboxylic Acid Salt of a Carboxylic Acid Alcohol CH105 Lab 20: Organic Structures 279