PA Pesticide Applicator Exam Lawn and Turf 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/2025 SOLUTIONS, Exams of Health sciences

Download PA Pesticide Applicator Exam Lawn and Turf 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/2025 SOLUTIONS and more Exams Health sciences in PDF only on Docsity! PA Pesticide Applicator Exam Lawn and Turf 100% VERIFIED ANSWERS 2024/2025 SOLUTIONS What are some of the basic principles of Integrated pest management? 1.) PREVENTION: Produce healthy plants that resist plants: (Selecting healthy plants, using certified seed, providing good growing conditions, and making a good match between the plant and the site) 2.) MONITOR AND IDENTIFY THE PEST: Identify the problem: (Finding out whether the damage to a particular plant is caused by a pest or by an environmental condition such as freezing or drought and always determine the exact pest that you are dealing with) 3.) SET ACTION THRESHOLDS: Expect some pests and tolerate some damage: (Deciding how many pests and how much damage to tolerate) 4.) CONTROL: Use pesticides as a last choice-Not a first choice What should you do in an IPM program? Produce healthy plants that can resist pests What is Phytotoxicity? A toxic effect by a compound on plant growth Which method will NOT help monitor cutworms? Pitfall traps What is Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) ? A common bacterium that kills many types of caterpillars When should you apply an insecticide? When the insect is at its most vulnerable stage What is the Milky spore disease? A bacterial disease that is caused by the bacterium, Bacillus popilliae, and kills Japanese beetles What do you do to control fire ants? Use a combination of broadcast bait and mound treatments Sod webworms... Spin silk webbing near the soil in turf An insecticide applied to control white grubs... Should be watered in to reach the soil Mole crickets... Have only one generation per year What are the 2 different kinds of metamorphosis that insect pests undergo? 1.) Gradual metamorphosis: Nymphs (young stages) of insects that undergo this look like small versions of the adult 2.) Complete metamorphosis (most common type of development among turf grass pests): The young stages of insects that undergo this look very different from the adults before before they become pupae and change into adults How do Chinch bugs damage turf? 1.) Making fewer herbicide applications 2.) Using herbicides that have different modes of action 3.) Mowing to remove flowers before seeds form When is the best time to control biennial weeds? The best time to control them is in their first year of growth What are 2 summer annual grasses and when is the best time to control them? 1.) Crabgrasses 2.) Goosegrass * The best time to control these grasses is late winter/early spring What are three problems that could cause failure of pre emergence herbicides? 1.) Applying herbicide after weed has emerged 2.) Thick thatch 3.) Too much sunlight causing the herbicide to break down What is the best approach to control undesirable perennial grasses? The best approach is to spot-treat the infested area of grass With a selective or nonselective, systemic (translocated herbicide What is the best approach to control yellow nutsedge? Apply herbicide applications every 2 to 3 weeks What is the best approach to control winter annuals? Mid to late fall and early winter using a selective, post emergence broadleaf herbicides What are the guidelines for use of post emergence herbicides? 1.) Do not apply post emergence herbicides to newly seeded grass until it has been mowed at least 3 times 2.) Wait 4 to 6 weeks before applying herbicide to a newly sodded area 3.) Do not apply when rain is expected 4.) Try to avoid mowing a treated area for at least 3 days after application 5.) Wait 3 to 4 weeks before seeding bare spots left by killed weeds. Do not seed until the area has received rain or irrigation to break down any herbicide remaining in the soil What are the guidelines for use of pre emergence herbicides? 1.) You may need to wait 2 to 4 months before it is safe to reseed. Read the label 2.) Do not use a pre emergence herbicide before laying sod or at the time of turf grass seeding unless indicated on the label 3.) Do not add a surfactant or wetting agent to a pre emergence herbicide unless indicated on the label 4.) Wait until after new turf grass seedlings have been mowed 3 or 4 times before applying a pre emergence herbicide 5.) Return clippings to the turf grass area for 2 to 3 weeks after the herbicide application to give time for any herbicide absorbed by the leaves to be returned to the thatch layer and contribute to the chemical barrier 6.) Try to avoid use of pre emergence herbicide on thin, weak, or damaged turf What is Plant Susceptibility? Killing or injuring of a plant by a herbicide What is a Rhizome? Creeping, horizontal underground stem, producing shoots above ground and roots below What is a Tuber? Thickened storage portion of a rhizome or stolon What is a Stolon? Creeping, above ground stem that roots at the nodes Annual weeds... grow, flower, go to seed, and die within 12 months Biennial weeds... Form a rosette of leaves the first year and flower the next Perennial weeds... Can live indefinitely Dandelions... Have a sturdy taproot What are the different components of the disease pyramid? 1.) Susceptible host 2.) A disease causing pathogen 3.) An environment favorable for infections and development of the disease 4.) Time for the disease to develop What are the 5 cultural practices that change the environment for the pathogen? 1.) Irrigation 2.) Air flow 3.) Drainage 4.) Compaction 5.) Thatch What is the difference between diseases and disorders? Disorders are caused by unfavorable growing conditions such as temperature extremes, soil compaction, injury from machines and chemicals, or too little or too much water. 1.) Select turfgrass cultivars that exhibit resistance to dollar spot 2.) Fertilize to avoid nitrogen deficiencies and to reduce disease severity 3.) Irrigate during early morning hours to limit high periods of high humidity and leaf wetness 4.) Mow at correct height What are the stand symptoms of Fairy ring? Fairy rings appear as rings or arcs of green stimulated turf that range from a few feet to many feet in diameter. When the turn becomes stressed, the rings may become brown. During periods of heavy rainfall, mushroom or puffball fungi may appear adjacent to the rings and persist for a few days What are some ways to control Fairy ring? 1.) Remove stumps and other wood material from the root zone before establishing a turf grass area. Fairy rings will develop where wood is left in the root zone 2.) Deep tilling and application of an approved fumigant have shown limited success 3.) Symptoms may be masked by adequate irrigation or fertilization with nitrogen and/or iron *Fairy rings are very difficult to control What is Pink snow mold? Disease of cool season turf grasses and may spread by mycelial growth or movement of spores which are produced in enormous amounts on diseased tissue What are the stand symptoms of Pink snow mold? Circular patches 2-6 inces in diameter develop during prolonged periods of cool wet weather. If severe, spots merge to form large areas of diseased turf. The grass on the outer edge of the patches generally appears water-soaked (wet and slimy) with profuse gray or pink mycelia of the fungus present in high humidity What are some ways to control Pink snow mold? 1.) Maintain balanced fertility levels and optimal soil pH based on soil tests 2.) Mow frequently at appropriate cutting heights 3.) Avoid fertilization during periods of slow turf grass growth in winter What is Gray leaf spot? Very common disease of St. Augustine grass and occurs in very hot, humid weather and is generally more severe in newly established turf areas, in shady locations, and in locations with poor air movement. The fungus forms spores that are very easily spread by wind and moisture or by equipment movement and other human activities What are the stand symptoms of Gray leaf spot? In hot, humid weather, turf infected with gray leaf spot looks scorched and ragged What are the plant symptoms of Gray leaf spot? Infections may occur on all above-ground plant parts and begin as small brown-to-tan leaf spots with a distinct brown-to-purple border or band surrounding the infected tissue. Lesions may become very numerous on leaves, and individual spots may expand to consume leaves completely and may girdle stolons of St. Augustine grass What are some ways to control Gray leaf spot? 1.) Mow at recommended height. Infrequent mowing and high cutting height may favor disease 2.) Improve air movement and light penetration in areas prone to chronic infections 3.) Irrigate only during early morning hours to minimize duration or leaf wetness 4.) Fungicides provede short-term (2-3 week) suppression of the disease in lawns What is Pythium blight? A dreaded disease of bent grass putting greens because damage can occur rapidly and potentially severe and is caused by the fungus Pythium aphanidermatum. This disease occurs during hot, wet, or very humid weather, especially when air movement is limited. The disease spreads rapidly when spores, mycelia, or infected plant parts are moved by water, mowers, or traffic What are the stand symptoms of Pythium blight? Round to irregular spots from 1 inch in diameter on closely mowed turf up to several inches in diameter on higher-cut turf grass appear suddenly. If humidity is high and prolonged, a gray mycelium is frequently visible in turf canopy associated blighted leaf tissues What are the plant symptoms of Pythium blight? The leaves in affected spots are water-soaked, slimy to the tough, and copper colored, dark brown, or black when disease is active. As humidity and/or temperature decreases, spots appear straw-colored and lesions on leaves are tan, but without a distinct border between diseased and green tissue. Generally, leaves in the centers of diseased patches are completely blighted or appeared "dead" (without distinct lesions) What are some of the ways to control Pythium blight? 1.) Provide good surface and subsurface drainage 2.) Removal of shrubs, tree limbs, etc., to increase air movement and light penetration will improve conditions commonly associated with chronic problems with Pythium blight 3.) Installing fans near bent grass putting greens will increase air circulation and reduce leaf wetness 4.) Minimize nitrogen applications to cool-season turf grasses when weather conditions are favorable for Pythium development 5.) Fungicide treated seed has improved control of damping-off and seeding blight 6.) Fungicide provides good control when applied on a preventative basis during conditions that favor disease development What are some of the ways to control Spring dead spot?